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Foundations of Life and Biological Organization
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Foundations of Life and Biological Organization
Foundations of Life and Biological Organization
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1
Question
What shared cellular feature characterizes all life forms?
Page 5
Answer
All life forms are made up of cells.
2
Question
How does life obtain energy to perform work?
Page 5
Answer
Organisms extract energy from their environment and use it to do work.
3
Question
What role does homeostasis play in living organisms?
Page 5
Answer
It is the regulation of an organism’s internal environment.
4
Question
How does genetic information support an organism’s life cycle?
Page 5
Answer
It enables organisms to develop, function, and reproduce.
5
Question
Why do shared traits support common ancestry of life?
Page 8
Answer
Life shares chemical composition, cell structure and function, and genetic codes; these similarities support the conclusion that all life has a common ancestry.
6
Question
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in DNA location?
Page 7
Answer
Prokaryotic DNA floats in the cytoplasm and is not enclosed by a membrane. Eukaryotic DNA is inside a membrane-bound nucleus.
7
Question
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in organelles?
Page 7
Answer
Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotes have them, including a nucleus and mitochondria.
8
Question
Which groups are classified as prokaryotes?
Page 6
Answer
Bacteria and Archaea.
9
Question
Which groups are classified as eukaryotes?
Page 6
Answer
Fungi, protists, plants, and animals.
10
Question
How does eukaryotic cell structure differ from prokaryotic cell structure?
Page 6
Answer
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.
11
Question
What common chemical compounds occur across life forms?
Page 5
Answer
Carbohydrates, proteins, fat, and nucleic acids are examples of compounds shared across life forms.
12
Question
How do organisms use molecules from their environments?
Page 5
Answer
They use environmental molecules to synthesize new molecules.
13
Question
What does the universal genetic code enable organisms to build?
Page 5
Answer
Proteins.
14
Question
What happens to populations over evolutionary time?
Page 9
Answer
Populations evolve over time, contributing to the diversity of life on Earth.
15
Question
How do nucleic acids contribute to protein synthesis?
Page 11
Answer
Nucleic acids can reproduce themselves and serve as templates for protein synthesis.
16
Question
What role do fatty-acid membranes play in life’s origin?
Page 11
Answer
They enclose biological molecules; these membranes are described as similar to liposomes.
17
Question
How did evolution contribute to life’s diversity on Earth?
Page 9
Answer
Processes of evolution generated the enormous diversity of life on Earth.
18
Question
How long after Earth formed did life evolve, at minimum?
Page 9
Answer
At least 600 million years after Earth formed.
19
Question
How does photosynthesis transform energy, and what are its products?
Page 14
Answer
It converts sunlight energy into chemical energy. The products shown are glucose and oxygen.
20
Question
Why did photosynthesis change the nature of life on Earth?
Page 14
Answer
It converted sunlight energy into chemical energy and provided food for other organisms, forming the basis of most life on Earth.
21
Question
How does aerobic metabolism differ from anaerobic metabolism?
Page 15
Answer
Aerobic metabolism uses oxygen to extract energy from nutrients and is more efficient than anaerobic metabolism.
22
Question
How did accumulating oxygen contribute to organisms moving onto land?
Page 16
Answer
Accumulating oxygen led to formation of the ozone layer, which absorbs damaging UV radiation. By 500 million years ago, enough ozone allowed organisms to leave water’s protection and move onto land.
23
Question
How does cell specialization benefit multicellular organisms?
Page 17
Answer
Specialized cells perform different functions, allowing multicellular organisms to grow larger and gather resources more efficiently.
24
Question
What is the biological organization sequence from cells upward?
Page 18
Answer
Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms.
25
Question
How do liposomes relate to cell membranes and drug delivery?
Page 12
Answer
Liposomes are vesicles made of the same material as cell membranes. They can be filled with drugs and used to deliver them to cells.
26
Question
What is a prokaryote, and which two groups emerged early?
Page 13
Answer
A prokaryote is a single-celled organism. The two early groups were Bacteria and Archaea.
27
Question
How do eukaryotes differ from the early prokaryotes described?
Page 13
Answer
Eukaryotes have membrane-enclosed organelles and emerged much later than the early single-celled prokaryotes.
28
Question
Where does a eukaryotic cell contain its genetic information?
Page 13
Answer
In the nucleus.
29
Question
What role did cyanobacteria-like cells have in early photosynthesis?
Page 14
Answer
Early photosynthetic cells were probably similar to present-day cyanobacteria, which are prokaryotes.
30
Question
What atmospheric condition preceded the evolution of photosynthesis?
Page 15
Answer
The atmosphere of early Earth had no oxygen until photosynthesis evolved.