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Occupational Safety and Health Fundamentals
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Occupational Safety and Health Fundamentals
Occupational Safety and Health Fundamentals
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1
Question
How does safety relate to hazard control and risk?
Page 1
Answer
Safety is freedom from hazards. Because no workplace has zero hazards, safety involves controlling hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk.
2
Question
How do hazard and risk differ in safety engineering?
Page 1
Answer
A hazard is anything that may likely cause personal injury, property damage, or both. Risk is the degree or chance of exposure to hazards.
3
Question
Why can no workplace be considered completely hazard-free?
Page 1
Answer
The reviewer states that there is no workplace with zero hazards. Safety therefore depends on controlling hazards rather than assuming that hazards can be entirely eliminated from every workplace.
4
Question
How is an accident defined in safety engineering?
Page 1
Answer
An accident is an unplanned, unexpected, unwanted, and unforeseen event that interrupts or disrupts the normal and orderly progress of an activity.
5
Question
How can an unsafe act influence whether an accident occurs?
Page 1
Answer
An unsafe act is usually the last event in a series before an accident, although it can occur at any step. Stopping or eliminating it can stop the accident from occurring.
6
Question
What types of consequences can an accident produce?
Page 2
Answer
An accident may cause minor, serious, or fatal injury; property damage or destruction; losses; or combinations of these consequences.
7
Question
How do unsafe conditions differ from unsafe acts?
Page 2
Answer
Unsafe conditions are hazardous physical or environmental circumstances, such as defective equipment, poor housekeeping, inadequate guards, or extreme temperatures. Unsafe acts are behaviors that contribute to an accident sequence and are difficult to address because behavior is not easy to change.
8
Question
Why is developing a safety culture emphasized for prevention?
Page 2
Answer
Unsafe acts are difficult to address because changing behavior is not easy. The reviewer identifies development of a safety culture as the best prevention approach.
9
Question
How do corrective, preventive, and predictive measures support safety?
Page 2
Answer
They provide different safety-management approaches intended to minimize accidents. Together, they support correction of problems, prevention of known risks, and anticipation of potential problems.
10
Question
How does the Domino Theory explain accident causation?
Page 3
Answer
The Domino Theory presents accident causation as a dependent chain: Environment → Faults of persons → Personal/mechanical hazards → Accident → Injury. Each factor depends on the preceding factor.
11
Question
Who proposed the Domino Theory and when was it proposed?
Page 3
Answer
H. W. Heinrich proposed the Domino Theory in 1932. It was identified as the first scientific approach to accident prevention.
12
Question
How do the three corrective-action 3Es address accidents?
Page 3
Answer
Engineering changes the design or process. Education provides training. Enforcement promotes compliance.
13
Question
How can faults of persons arise under Domino Theory?
Page 3
Answer
Faults of persons may be inherited or acquired as a result of social environment or ancestry.
14
Question
How does Human Factors Theory explain accident causation?
Page 3
Answer
It attributes accidents to a chain of events ultimately caused by human error. Its three factors are overload, inappropriate response, and inappropriate activities.
15
Question
How does Accident/Incident Theory extend Human Factors Theory?
Page 3
Answer
Accident/Incident Theory extends Human Factors Theory by adding ergonomic traps, decision to error, and systems failures.
16
Question
How does Epidemiological Theory connect environment and disease?
Page 3
Answer
Epidemiological Theory examines the relationship between environmental factors and disease. Its key components are predisposition characteristics and situational characteristics.
17
Question
How does Systems Theory represent an accident system?
Page 3
Answer
Systems Theory identifies three accident-system components: Person, or Host; Machine, or Agency; and Environment. The memory aid is H-A-E: Host, Agency, Environment.
18
Question
How does Energy Release Theory propose controlling accidents?
Page 4
Answer
Accidents can be controlled by preventing energy buildup, reducing initial energy, preventing release, carefully controlling release, and separating released energy from living or nonliving objects.
19
Question
How is Behavior Theory connected to Behavior-Based Safety?
Page 4
Answer
Behavior Theory is connected with Behavior-Based Safety, or BBS. The prominent proponent identified is E. Scott Geller.
20
Question
What principles characterize Behavior-Based Safety in this framework?
Page 4
Answer
The seven principles are intervention, identification of external factors, motivation, focus, application, integration, and planned interventions.
21
Question
How does Occupational Safety and Health define its field?
Page 4
Answer
Occupational Safety and Health is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people at work. It protects employees, visitors, and customers.
22
Question
How does global OSH broaden the usual workplace approach?
Page 4
Answer
Global OSH adopts a wider international approach involving public health, prevention of illnesses, and prevention of injuries in relation to the internationalized dynamics of the global economy.
23
Question
How did Philippine OSH policy develop from 1903 to 1933?
Page 4
Answer
In 1903, the Employer's Liability Act provided compensation for injured workers and created the Bureau of Labor. In 1927, Commonwealth Act No. 104 promoted OSH as the First Industrial Safety Law. In 1933, Workmen's Compensation Act No. 3428 provided payment for illness, injury, or death due to employment.
24
Question
What major Philippine OSH developments occurred from 1945 to 1959?
Page 4
Answer
In 1945, the Philippines became a member of the ILO. In 1948, the Bureau of Labor Standards was established. In 1954, RA 1054 created the Free Emergency Medical and Dental Treatment Act. In 1957, the Safety Organization of the Philippines, Inc. was organized. In 1959, Commonwealth Act No. 696 addressed safety in installing and operating boilers and pressure vessels.
25
Question
What was the significance of the 1989 OSH milestone?
Page 5
Answer
The Occupational Safety and Health Center was created in 1989 and was identified as the first of its kind in Southeast Asia.
26
Question
How does legislation relate to occupational safety regulation?
Page 6
Answer
Legislation is the exercise of the power and function of making rules. In the OSH framework, those rules establish the legal basis for safety and health standards and their enforcement.
27
Question
What workplace protections are recognized under Article XIII, Section III?
Page 6
Answer
Workers are entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage.
28
Question
How do the two cited PD 442 titles differ?
Page 6
Answer
Book IV, Title I covers Medical, Dental and Occupational Safety. Book IV, Title II covers Employees' Compensation and the State Insurance Fund.
29
Question
How does the Philippine OSH standards framework develop?
Page 6
Answer
The framework proceeds from the Philippine Constitution to the Labor Code and then to OSHS. OSH Standards codify safety orders enforced before promulgation and are based on standards from other countries.
30
Question
How do OSHC, DOLE, ECC, and BWC differ?
Page 6
Answer
OSHC conducts OSH research, develops and implements training, and monitors exposure to hazardous substances. DOLE provides a bird's-eye view of OSH. ECC coordinates employee-compensation policies. BWC performs policy, program-development, and advisory functions.