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The Self in Psychology and Philosophy
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The Self in Psychology and Philosophy
The Self in Psychology and Philosophy
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1
Question
How does self-efficacy influence persistence when facing challenges?
Page 1
Answer
High self-efficacy increases confidence, motivation, willingness to face challenges, and persistence.
2
Question
What distinguishes a healthy false self from an unhealthy false self?
Page 1
Answer
A healthy false self protects the true self. An unhealthy false self hides the true self completely.
3
Question
Which three capacities define human agency in Bandura’s theory?
Page 1
Answer
People can self-regulate their actions, self-reflect about themselves and their actions, and self-organize their behavior.
4
Question
How does Rogers relate the real self to the ideal self?
Page 3
Answer
A small gap between them indicates congruence and a healthy personality. A large gap indicates incongruence and may indicate an unhealthy personality.
5
Question
Which psychological process combines perceptions into one conscious self?
Page 9
Answer
Kant called this process transcendental apperception.
6
Question
What does the true self represent in Winnicott’s framework?
Page 1
Answer
The true self represents one’s real identity, with integrity and wholeness.
7
Question
When does development of the true self begin?
Page 1
Answer
Development of the true self begins in early childhood.
8
Question
Which behavior characterizes a low level of self-efficacy?
Page 1
Answer
Low self-efficacy leads a person to avoid difficult tasks, set low goals, focus on failures or obstacles, and give up easily.
9
Question
In multiple-selves theory, when do different aspects of self appear?
Page 2
Answer
Different aspects of self appear depending on the situation or need.
10
Question
Which part of Henriquès’s tripartite model contains felt experience?
Page 2
Answer
The experiential self contains the felt experience of being oneself and connects to memory and consciousness.
11
Question
Which part of the tripartite self interprets what is happening?
Page 2
Answer
The private self is the inner voice or thoughts that interpret and make sense of what is happening.
12
Question
How does the public self differ from the private self?
Page 2
Answer
The public self is shown to other people and governs interaction with them. The private self consists of inner thoughts and interpretations.
13
Question
What makes a unified self psychologically well-adjusted?
Page 2
Answer
The different parts of self work together as one integrated self, allowing acceptance of successes and failures and the ability to adapt.
14
Question
Which three components constitute William James’s known self?
Page 3
Answer
The material self, social self, and spiritual self constitute the known self.
15
Question
How does William James distinguish the I-self from the Me-self?
Page 3
Answer
The I-self is the knower who experiences. The Me-self is everything known or thought about oneself.
16
Question
Which part of the Me-self concerns how others recognize you?
Page 3
Answer
The social self concerns how other people recognize and see you.
17
Question
How does culture shape the self according to Geertz?
Page 4
Answer
Culture shapes the self through social roles and masks that influence how people express and understand their identity.
18
Question
Which anthropological subfield studies language and communication?
Page 5
Answer
Linguistic anthropology studies language and communication and explains their influence on social interaction, ideas, and worldview.
19
Question
Which anthropological subfield examines evolution, disease, and adaptation?
Page 5
Answer
Biological anthropology studies humans from a biological perspective, including evolution, physical characteristics, diseases, and adaptation.
20
Question
How does a primary group differ from a secondary group?
Page 6
Answer
A primary group is based on affection, loyalty, and close relationships. A secondary group is based on goals, usefulness, and choice and is usually less personal and temporary.
21
Question
What social problem can arise when different roles clash?
Page 6
Answer
Role conflict occurs when different roles or expectations clash.
22
Question
Which stage involves children imitating others and learning symbols?
Page 7
Answer
The preparatory stage involves imitation and learning symbols and communication.
23
Question
What new ability develops during Mead’s play stage?
Page 7
Answer
Children pretend to be other people and learn role-taking during the play stage.
24
Question
When does Mead’s game stage typically emerge, and what does it involve?
Page 7
Answer
The game stage emerges around 8–9 years old and involves understanding multiple roles and perspectives simultaneously.
25
Question
How does the generalized other influence development of the self?
Page 7
Answer
It represents society’s expectations and attitudes, which people learn and use to evaluate themselves.
26
Question
How does Merleau-Ponty explain the relationship between mind and body?
Page 8
Answer
The mind and body are connected and work together to form experience of the self.
27
Question
What does perception involve in Merleau-Ponty’s account?
Page 8
Answer
Perception involves both sensing and interpreting or reasoning; it is not merely receiving sensations.
28
Question
What mistake does Ryle identify in treating the self as immaterial?
Page 9
Answer
A category mistake treats the self as a separate mental entity existing independently of the physical body.
29
Question
Which principle governs Freud’s id, ego, and superego?
Page 10
Answer
The id follows the pleasure principle, the ego follows the reality principle, and the superego follows the moral principle.
30
Question
How does Hume’s account challenge the idea of a permanent self?
Page 10
Answer
Hume claimed that experience reveals only changing perceptions, impressions, and ideas, not one fixed self.