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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Thought
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Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Thought
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment Thought
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1
Question
Which principle unified Newton’s theory of motion and gravity?
Answer
All objects behave similarly and obey the three laws of motion.
2
Question
How did Newton describe the universe under the universal law of gravitation?
Answer
The universe was held together by universal gravitation, with all objects attracted by gravity.
3
Question
What analogy expressed Newton’s view that the universe could be explained rationally?
Answer
The universe could be calibrated like a watch and explained by reason.
4
Question
Fill in the blank: Newton argued that _____ objects behave similarly.
Answer
all
5
Question
What did Newton’s universal law of gravitation explain about objects?
Answer
It explained that all objects are attracted by gravity.
6
Question
Which instrument did Janssen develop during the Scientific Revolution?
Answer
The microscope.
7
Question
Who observed bacteria using the developing scientific instruments?
Answer
Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria.
8
Question
Which instrument did Torricelli develop for measuring atmospheric pressure?
Answer
The first mercury barometer.
9
Question
Who created a thermometer containing mercury in glass?
Answer
Fahrenheit created a thermometer with mercury in glass.
10
Question
Fill in the blank: Torricelli developed the first mercury _____.
Answer
barometer
11
Question
Which four substances comprised the ancient theory of bodily humors?
Answer
Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
12
Question
How did the ancient humor theory explain human behavior?
Answer
Behavior was determined by one of the four humors.
13
Question
What did ancient medicine identify as the cause of disorders?
Answer
An imbalance of one of the four humors.
14
Question
Which treatments were used to correct an imbalance of humors?
Answer
Patients were plunged or bled.
15
Question
What did Harvey observe about the function of the heart?
Answer
Harvey observed the heart pumping blood through the body.
16
Question
Which disease was addressed by Jenner’s vaccine?
Answer
Smallpox.
17
Question
Fill in the blank: Jenner developed a vaccine for _____.
Answer
smallpox
18
Question
How did Harvey’s observation challenge the ancient medical model?
Answer
It showed that the heart pumps blood through the body.
19
Question
What did the Enlightenment apply to government, religion, economics, and society?
Answer
Reason.
20
Question
Fill in the blank: The Enlightenment applied _____ to all levels of society.
Answer
reason
21
Question
Which areas of life did Enlightenment thinkers subject to reason?
Answer
Government, religion, economics, and society.
22
Question
What does the social contract describe politically?
Answer
An agreement or relationship between a government and its citizens.
23
Question
How does the social contract relate government to citizens?
Answer
It describes an agreement or relationship between them.
24
Question
Fill in the blank: A social contract is an agreement between a government and its _____.
Answer
citizens
25
Question
Which condition did Thomas Hobbes associate with the state of nature?
Answer
A condition in which life is war for gain, glory, and security.
26
Question
According to Hobbes, which motives made life a war in nature?
Answer
Gain, glory, and security.
27
Question
What political problem did Hobbes associate with the state of nature?
Answer
It represented a condition of chaos that people sought to leave through the social contract.
28
Question
What is wrong with thinking Hobbes viewed the state of nature as peaceful?
Answer
Hobbes characterized life in the state of nature as war for gain, glory, and security.
29
Question
Which concept connected Enlightenment reasoning with political authority?
Answer
The social contract connected reasoned political theory with the relationship between government and citizens.