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Foundations of Biology and Life
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Foundations of Biology and Life
Foundations of Biology and Life
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1
Question
How do populations change over time according to biology's central evolutionary theme?
Page 1
Answer
Populations change over time through the process of evolution.
2
Question
What five themes provide a framework for studying biology?
Page 1
Answer
Evolution; structure and function; information flow; energy and matter transformations; and interactions within biological systems.
3
Question
How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?
Page 2
Answer
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic cells do not.
4
Question
How does photosynthesis relate to cellular respiration?
Page 4
Answer
Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose. Cellular respiration releases energy from glucose to make ATP.
5
Question
How does natural selection change inherited traits in populations?
Page 6
Answer
Organisms with advantageous inherited traits survive and reproduce more successfully, causing those traits to become more common over generations.
6
Question
What does biology study?
Page 1
Answer
Biology is the science of life.
7
Question
What does evolution explain about organismal ancestry?
Page 1
Answer
Evolution explains how the ancestry of organisms can be traced back to earlier forms of life.
8
Question
What cellular composition is shared by all organisms?
Page 1
Answer
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
9
Question
How do unicellular organisms differ from multicellular organisms?
Page 1
Answer
Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell. Multicellular organisms depend on coordinated functions among many cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.
10
Question
What are organelles, and why are they important within cells?
Page 1
Answer
Organelles are internal cell structures specialized to perform specific functions.
11
Question
Which characteristics collectively identify living organisms?
Page 1
Answer
Living organisms are composed of cells, grow and develop, regulate metabolic processes, respond to stimuli, reproduce, and adapt to their environment.
12
Question
Which organisms have prokaryotic cells?
Page 1
Answer
Bacteria and Archaea have prokaryotic cells.
13
Question
What structural features characterize prokaryotic cells?
Page 1
Answer
Prokaryotic cells are structurally simple and lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
14
Question
Which structures are typically present in eukaryotic cells?
Page 2
Answer
Eukaryotic cells typically contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a nucleus that houses DNA.
15
Question
What is biological growth?
Page 2
Answer
Biological growth is an increase in the size of individual cells, the number of cells, or both.
16
Question
How is development distinguished from biological growth?
Page 2
Answer
Development includes all changes that occur during an organism's life, whereas growth specifically concerns increases in cell size, cell number, or both.
17
Question
What does metabolism encompass in an organism?
Page 2
Answer
Metabolism encompasses all chemical activities that take place in an organism.
18
Question
Which three activities are included in metabolism?
Page 2
Answer
Metabolism includes chemical reactions essential to nutrition, growth and repair, and energy conversion.
19
Question
What regulates metabolic processes to maintain internal balance?
Page 2
Answer
Regulatory mechanisms regulate metabolic processes to maintain a balanced internal environment.
20
Question
How does homeostasis maintain an organism's internal environment?
Page 2
Answer
Homeostasis regulates internal conditions to maintain an appropriate, balanced internal environment.
21
Question
What is a stimulus in biological systems?
Page 2
Answer
A stimulus is a physical or chemical change in the external or internal environment that causes a response or movement.
22
Question
How does asexual reproduction differ from sexual reproduction?
Page 2
Answer
Asexual reproduction involves a single parent, with genetic variation occurring primarily through mutations. Sexual reproduction involves fusion of an egg and sperm.
23
Question
What is an adaptation in evolutionary biology?
Page 2
Answer
An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive in a particular environment.
24
Question
Which forms can biological adaptations take?
Page 2
Answer
Adaptations can be structural, physiological, biochemical, behavioral, or a combination of these forms.
25
Question
What is reductionism as an approach to biological study?
Page 3
Answer
Reductionism is the approach of learning about a structure or system by studying its smaller components.
26
Question
What is the hierarchy of biological organization from smallest to largest?
Page 3
Answer
Atoms → molecules → cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere.
27
Question
How does ecology characterize relationships among organisms and environments?
Page 3
Answer
Ecology studies how organisms relate to one another and to their physical environment.
28
Question
Which molecule makes up genes?
Page 3
Answer
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, makes up genes.
29
Question
How does DNA support the construction and maintenance of organisms?
Page 3
Answer
DNA stores hereditary information and contains instructions for building and maintaining an organism.
30
Question
What controls the development and function of every organism?
Page 3
Answer
Genes control the development and function of every organism.