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Human Anatomy and Cell Biology
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Human Anatomy and Cell Biology
Human Anatomy and Cell Biology
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1
Question
How does anatomy relate to physiology in the human body?
Page 1
Answer
Anatomy concerns structure, whereas physiology concerns function.
2
Question
How do particles move along a concentration gradient?
Page 1
Answer
They move from the more crowded side to the less crowded side until the amounts become equal.
3
Question
Why is homeostasis essential for living organisms?
Page 1
Answer
It maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
4
Question
Which four elements make up the majority of the human body?
Page 1
Answer
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
5
Question
What functions do electrolytes support in the human body?
Page 1
Answer
They regulate nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and fluid balance.
6
Question
Which statement correctly distinguishes inorganic and organic molecules?
Page 2
Answer
Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon–hydrogen chains. Organic molecules contain carbon and form the structural and functional basis of life.
7
Question
How do synthesis and decomposition reactions differ?
Page 2
Answer
Synthesis builds larger molecules. Decomposition breaks molecules down.
8
Question
Which reaction type uses water to break chemical bonds?
Page 2
Answer
Hydrolysis.
9
Question
What distinguishes an ionic bond from a covalent bond?
Page 2
Answer
An ionic bond forms through electron transfer. A covalent bond forms through electron sharing.
10
Question
What charge and location characterize each subatomic particle?
Page 2
Answer
Protons are positive and neutrons are neutral in the nucleus. Electrons are negative and occupy the electron shell.
11
Question
How do polar and nonpolar covalent bonds differ?
Page 3
Answer
Polar bonds share electrons unequally and create partial charges. Nonpolar bonds share electrons equally and lack a charge difference.
12
Question
What's wrong with thinking a hydrogen bond is an electron-sharing bond?
Page 3
Answer
A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction, not the sharing or transfer of electrons.
13
Question
Which equation represents hydrolysis in the reaction patterns?
Page 3
Answer
A–B + H₂O → A–H + HO–B.
14
Question
How do exergonic and endergonic reactions differ in energy changes?
Page 3
Answer
Exergonic reactions release energy. Endergonic reactions require an input of energy.
15
Question
When does a reversible reaction reach chemical equilibrium?
Page 3
Answer
It reaches equilibrium when the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal.
16
Question
Why does water have a high specific heat?
Page 4
Answer
It absorbs a large amount of heat before its temperature rises, stabilizing body temperature.
17
Question
How does pH change when hydrogen ion concentration increases?
Page 4
Answer
The pH decreases.
18
Question
A solution contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. How should it be classified?
Page 4
Answer
It is acidic and has a pH below 7.0.
19
Question
Which substance is represented by the equation NaOH → Na⁺ + OH⁻?
Page 4
Answer
A base, because sodium hydroxide releases hydroxide ions in water.
20
Question
The primary building blocks of all carbohydrates are _____.
Page 5
Answer
Monosaccharides
21
Question
How do the structures of disaccharides and polysaccharides differ?
Page 5
Answer
Disaccharides contain two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides contain many linked monosaccharides.
22
Question
How does osmosis move water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Page 9
Answer
Water moves from higher to lower water concentration, toward higher solute concentration that cannot cross the membrane.
23
Question
What distinguishes primary active transport from secondary active transport?
Page 9
Answer
Primary active transport uses ATP directly to power membrane pumps. Secondary active transport uses energy stored in one ion gradient to drive another molecule against its gradient.
24
Question
In a hypertonic solution, what happens to a cell?
Page 9
Answer
Water moves out of the cell, causing it to shrink and possibly shrivel.
25
Question
Which organelle produces ATP and contains an inner membrane folded into cristae?
Page 9
Answer
The mitochondrion. It has a double membrane and produces ATP.
26
Question
How do free and bound ribosomes differ in their protein products?
Page 9
Answer
Free ribosomes produce proteins for the cell. Bound ribosomes produce proteins for secretion or membrane use.
27
Question
Which organelle refines, packages, and ships proteins?
Page 10
Answer
The Golgi apparatus. It also forms secretory vesicles and produces lysosomes.
28
Question
Why are lysosomes important for cellular cleanup and defense?
Page 10
Answer
Their digestive enzymes break down debris, bacteria, and worn-out organelles.
29
Question
Which cytoskeletal filament is primarily associated with strength, support, and organelle anchoring?
Page 11
Answer
Intermediate filaments. They are rope-like fibers located in the cytoplasm and around the nucleus.
30
Question
What is the principal functional distinction between cilia and flagella?
Page 11
Answer
Cilia are short and numerous and move substances across the cell surface. Flagella are long, single tail-like projections that enable movement.