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Lymphatic System and Immune Response
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Lymphatic System and Immune Response
Lymphatic System and Immune Response
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1
Question
What are the primary lymphoid organs responsible for immune cell production and maturation?
Page 1
Answer
The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow, which produces B cells, and the thymus, where T cells mature.
2
Question
Which secondary lymphoid organs facilitate immune cell interaction?
Page 1
Answer
Secondary lymphoid organs include the spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, and Peyer patches, allowing immune cells to interact with antigens.
3
Question
Describe the key structural characteristics and function of a lymph node.
Page 1
Answer
A lymph node is an encapsulated secondary lymphoid organ with many afferent lymphatic vessels and one efferent. It performs nonspecific filtration by macrophages and activates immune responses via B and T cells.
4
Question
What is the primary function of a lymph node follicle?
Page 1
Answer
The follicle is the site of B-cell localization and proliferation in the outer cortex of the lymph node.
5
Question
How do primary and secondary follicles differ within a lymph node?
Page 1
Answer
Primary follicles are dense and quiescent, while secondary follicles are pale and contain central germinal centers, indicating active B-cell proliferation.
6
Question
What cells are found in the medullary cords of a lymph node?
Page 1
Answer
Medullary cords are densely packed and consist of lymphocytes and plasma cells.
7
Question
What is the role of medullary sinuses in a lymph node?
Page 1
Answer
Medullary sinuses contain reticular cells and macrophages and are where efferent lymphatics are found.
8
Question
What significant structures are found in the paracortex of a lymph node, and what is their function?
Page 1
Answer
The paracortex contains high endothelial venules (HEVs), which allow T and B cells to enter from the blood.
9
Question
What condition leads to an underdeveloped paracortex in a lymph node?
Page 1
Answer
The paracortex is underdeveloped in patients with DiGeorge syndrome.
10
Question
What is paracortical hyperplasia and when does it occur?
Page 1
Answer
Paracortical hyperplasia is an enlargement of the paracortex that occurs during an extreme cellular immune response, such as with EBV and other viral infections, leading to lymphadenopathy.
11
Question
Which area of the body does the submandibular and submental lymph node cluster drain?
Page 2
Answer
The submandibular and submental lymph node cluster drains the oral cavity, anterior tongue, and lower lip.
12
Question
What associated pathology can be observed with enlargement of the submandibular/submental lymph nodes?
Page 2
Answer
Associated pathologies include malignancy of and metastasis to the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract infection, infectious mononucleosis, Kawasaki disease, and malignancy of head, neck, oropharynx.
13
Question
Which lymph node cluster drains the head, neck, and oropharynx?
Page 2
Answer
The deep cervical lymph node cluster drains the head, neck, and oropharynx.
14
Question
What pathology is associated with enlargement of the deep cervical lymph nodes?
Page 2
Answer
Enlargement of the deep cervical lymph nodes is associated with malignancy of the head, neck, and oropharynx.
15
Question
What areas are drained by the supraclavicular lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
The supraclavicular lymph node cluster drains the right and left hemithorax, abdomen, and pelvis. The left supraclavicular nodes are specifically referred to as Virchow nodes.
16
Question
Which specific lymph node is referred to as Virchow's node, and what is its clinical significance?
Page 2
Answer
The left supraclavicular lymph node is referred to as Virchow's node. Its enlargement can indicate malignancies of the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis, especially gastric cancer.
17
Question
What areas are drained by the mediastinal lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
The mediastinal lymph node cluster drains the trachea and esophagus.
18
Question
What pathologies are associated with the mediastinal lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
Pathologies associated with the mediastinal lymph node cluster include pulmonary tuberculosis (unilateral hilar), sarcoidosis (bilateral hilar), and lung cancer.
19
Question
What area is drained by the hilar lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
The hilar lymph node cluster drains the lungs.
20
Question
What pathologies are associated with the hilar lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
Pathologies associated with the hilar lymph node cluster include lung cancer and granulomatous disease.
21
Question
Which lymph node cluster drains the upper limb, breast, and skin above the umbilicus?
Page 2
Answer
The axillary lymph node cluster drains the upper limb, breast, and skin above the umbilicus.
22
Question
What common pathology is strongly associated with axillary lymph node metastasis?
Page 2
Answer
Metastasis, especially from breast cancer, is commonly associated with the axillary lymph node cluster.
23
Question
What areas are drained by the epitrochlear lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
The epitrochlear lymph node cluster drains the hand and forearm.
24
Question
Which lymph node cluster drains the liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, and upper duodenum?
Page 2
Answer
The celiac lymph node cluster drains the liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, and upper duodenum.
25
Question
What is the primary pathology associated with the celiac lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
The primary pathology associated with the celiac lymph node cluster is Whipple's disease.
26
Question
What areas are drained by the superior mesenteric lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
The superior mesenteric lymph node cluster drains the lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon to the splenic flexure.
27
Question
What pathologies are associated with the superior mesenteric lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
Associated pathologies include mesenteric lymphadenitis and Crohn's disease.
28
Question
What areas are drained by the inferior mesenteric lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
The inferior mesenteric lymph node cluster drains the colon from the splenic flexure to the upper rectum.
29
Question
Which lymph node cluster drains the abdomen and pelvis and is also known as Sister Mary Joseph Nodule?
Page 2
Answer
The paraumbilical lymph node cluster drains the abdomen and pelvis and is also known as Sister Mary Joseph Nodule.
30
Question
What pathology is associated with the paraumbilical lymph node cluster?
Page 2
Answer
Gastric cancer is the primary pathology associated with the paraumbilical lymph node cluster, often presenting as Sister Mary Joseph Nodule.