/
Enzymes and Metabolism Fundamentals
Save to my account
Sign up
Enzymes and Metabolism Fundamentals
Enzymes and Metabolism Fundamentals
Study
1
Question
How is the term metabolism (新陳代謝) defined in living organisms?
Page 1
Answer
Metabolism refers to the sum total of all chemical reactions occurring within an organism.
2
Question
What are the two primary categories of metabolism and their typical energy relationships?
Page 1
Answer
The two categories are catabolism (分解代謝), which generally releases energy, and anabolism (合成代謝), which generally requires energy.
3
Question
What is the definition of activation energy (活化能) in a chemical context?
Page 1
Answer
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy that reactants must absorb to initiate a chemical reaction.
4
Question
How do enzymes function as biological catalysts within metabolic pathways?
Page 1
Answer
Enzymes act as biological catalysts by lowering the activation energy required for metabolic chemical reactions.
5
Question
What chemical class do enzymes belong to, and what factors affect them as a result?
Page 1
Answer
Enzymes are proteins, which makes them sensitive to changes in temperature and pH levels.
6
Question
What structural feature of an enzyme is responsible for its high specificity (專一性)?
Page 1
Answer
The active site (活性部位) is the specific region that only binds with substrates of a complementary shape.
7
Question
Why are only small quantities of enzymes needed for metabolic reactions?
Page 1
Answer
Enzymes remain unchanged after a reaction, allowing them to be reused repeatedly for new substrates.
8
Question
What are the sequential steps in the mechanism of enzyme action?
Page 1
Answer
1. The substrate binds to the active site. 2. An enzyme-substrate complex is formed. 3. Products are formed and the enzyme molecule separates.
9
Question
Which scientific model explains the high specificity of enzymes based on their shape?
Page 2
Answer
The Lock and Key Hypothesis (鎖鑰假說) explains how the active site fits specifically with a unique substrate.
10
Question
How does low temperature affect the collision rate between enzymes and substrates?
Page 2
Answer
At low temperatures, molecules have less kinetic energy, leading to fewer successful collisions and lower enzyme activity.
11
Question
What happens to an enzyme's structure and function when it is exposed to high temperatures?
Page 2
Answer
High temperatures cause the enzyme to denature (變性), damaging the active site and permanently destroying its activity.
12
Question
What is the functional difference between an enzyme at low temperature versus high temperature?
Page 2
Answer
At low temperature, enzymes are inactive but can recover activity when warmed. At high temperature, they denature and cannot recover activity.
13
Question
How does pH value generally influence the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
Page 2
Answer
Enzyme activity is highest at an optimal pH (最適pH值); extreme pH levels away from this optimum cause the enzyme to denature.
14
Question
Name four specific industrial applications of enzymes listed in the study material.
Page 3
Answer
Industrial applications include biological laundry detergents, stone-washed jeans, contact lens cleaners, and meat tenderizers.
15
Question
What are the primary benefits of using enzymes in industrial manufacturing processes?
Page 3
Answer
Enzymes allow for rapid production, higher purity (specificity), lower energy costs (mild conditions), and lower material costs (reusability).
16
Question
What is the mechanism by which a competitive inhibitor (競爭性抑制劑) reduces enzyme activity?
Page 3
Answer
Competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site, preventing the substrate from binding to the enzyme.
17
Question
How does increasing substrate concentration affect the inhibition caused by a competitive inhibitor?
Page 3
Answer
Increasing the substrate concentration can generally restore enzyme activity to its original levels by out-competing the inhibitor.
18
Question
How does a non-competitive inhibitor (非競爭性抑制劑) affect an enzyme's active site?
Page 3
Answer
The inhibitor binds to a different site on the enzyme, causing the active site to deform so the substrate can no longer fit.
19
Question
What happens to enzyme activity if you increase substrate concentration in the presence of a non-competitive inhibitor?
Page 3
Answer
Increasing substrate concentration does not restore activity because the active sites of inhibited enzymes are physically deformed.
20
Question
How can you distinguish a biological catalyst (enzyme) from a chemical catalyst using temperature?
Page 3
Answer
A biological catalyst has an optimal temperature after which activity drops; a chemical catalyst's reaction rate increases continuously as temperature rises.