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Principles and History of Plumbing
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Principles and History of Plumbing
Principles and History of Plumbing
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1
Question
What is the formal definition of plumbing as presented in the text?
Page 1
Answer
Plumbing is defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property.
2
Question
What are the two principal functions of plumbing described in the definition?
Page 1
Answer
To convey and supply water in buildings, and to dispose and discharge waste water and other substances out of buildings in a safe and sanitary manner.
3
Question
Why does plumbing emphasize safety, orderliness, health, and sanitation in its definition?
Page 1
Answer
Because plumbing conveys potable water and disposes of waste in ways that protect the health and sanitation of life and property by preventing contamination and disease.
4
Question
What early evidence of plumbing works is noted from prehistoric times according to the text?
Page 1
Answer
Traces of primitive water supply and waste disposal methods left by man, considered crude devices and forerunners of modern plumbing.
5
Question
How did the Romans contribute to the development and appreciation of plumbing?
Page 1
Answer
The Romans elevated bathing to a daily ritual and developed water distribution and sanitation practices that advanced plumbing as an appreciated and defined discipline.
6
Question
Define the term 'Plumbarius' as used in the historical account.
Page 2
Answer
Plumbarius refers to an individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient Rome.
7
Question
What does the Latin word 'Plumbum' mean in the context of Roman plumbing materials?
Page 2
Answer
Plumbum meant lead, a metal used as plumbing material by the Romans.
8
Question
Why did the Romans prefer lead as a plumbing material according to the text?
Page 2
Answer
Because lead was preferred for its twin properties of malleability and resistance to acid.
9
Question
What impact did the Goth invasion have on European plumbing progress as described?
Page 2
Answer
The Goth invasion caused disintegration and eventual collapse of the Roman Empire, which hindered European progress in plumbing and sanitation.
10
Question
When did interest in sanitation and plumbing revive in Europe according to the text?
Page 2
Answer
Interest in sanitation and plumbing revived during the Renaissance period.
11
Question
What legislative action did the English parliament take in the 17th century related to plumbing?
Page 2
Answer
The English parliament passed the first plumbing apprentice law.
12
Question
How did France continue the legislative or infrastructural trend in plumbing in the 18th century?
Page 2
Answer
France followed suit in the 18th century when it embarked in the building of water service facilities.
13
Question
Why was the United States slower to adopt the plumbing movement according to the text?
Page 2
Answer
Because the US government concentrated its efforts in agricultural pursuit, making adoption of the plumbing movement slower.
14
Question
Describe typical historical water supply methods used when efficient distribution systems were absent.
Page 2
Answer
Water was provided through abundant rainfall, springs, wells, rivers, or creeks, conveyed through improvised bamboo pipes, carried by people, animal-drawn carts or sleds, and stored in earthen jars, wooden or bamboo containers.
15
Question
What criterion was historically used to judge water fit for consumption in the absence of testing methods?
Page 2
Answer
Water was considered fit for consumption as long as it was visibly clear.
16
Question
What were the public health consequences described when water purity could not be tested?
Page 2
Answer
Many died or were afflicted with digestive disorders, and ailing people were brought to quack doctors who usually diagnosed disease as caused by evil spirits.
17
Question
How did households that could not afford plumbing dispose of human waste historically according to the text?
Page 2
Answer
They availed themselves of possible means of convenience such as disposing waste in rivers, seashores, creeks or waterways, or in secluded places behind trees and bushes.
18
Question
What public actions were taken in response to epidemics and unsanitary conditions as described in the text?
Page 3
Answer
Programs were introduced, massive education on proper sanitation was initiated, water supply systems were constructed in some urban areas, and model toilets were built supported by local ordinances.
19
Question
What low-cost sanitary hardware was introduced to rural residents according to the text?
Page 3
Answer
A low cost concrete water seal closet was introduced to the rural residents backed up by local ordinances.
20
Question
What sanitary fixture or system is explicitly named as a required sewage disposal system for residences?
Page 3
Answer
Septic Tank is named as the proper sewage disposal system required for every residence.
21
Question
What are the two main objectives of plumbing listed in the text?
Page 3
Answer
To supply water to different parts of the building, and to remove and discharge human wastes and other substances out of the building into the public sewer or septic tank.
22
Question
What does the text list as a primary performance objective of a drainage system?
Page 3
Answer
Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leakage and stoppage of drains.
23
Question
What is the second performance objective of a drainage system described in the text?
Page 3
Answer
To prevent the entry of house vermin and obnoxious gases into the house from the piping system.
24
Question
According to the text, by what authority are all plumbing designs and installations governed?
Page 3
Answer
All plumbing design and installations are governed by a set of rules and limitations prescribed by the National Plumbing Code.
25
Question
What requirement is stated regarding pipe joints in a drainage system?
Page 3
Answer
That all pipe joints must be well fitted and tightly connected with each other to prevent leakage of gas and liquid.
26
Question
How should drainage pipes be arranged to ensure proper flow of water according to the code extract?
Page 3
Answer
The drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward gravity flow of water towards the main sewer line or to the septic tank.
27
Question
What accessibility feature must drainage piping be provided with for repair in case of stoppage?
Page 3
Answer
The drainage pipe should be provided with adequate cleanout, accessible for repair in case of stoppage.
28
Question
What ventilation requirement is specified for drainage systems to protect human health?
Page 3
Answer
The drainage system must be provided with ventilation pipe that will convey gases to the atmosphere where it can do no harm to human health.
29
Question
What trapping requirement is imposed on fixtures other than the water closet?
Page 3
Answer
Except for water closet, each fixture shall be provided with suitable trap that will prevent back flow of gases.
30
Question
What is the purpose of venting the drainage system as described in the text?
Page 3
Answer
To avoid siphonage or back flow of the water seal.