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Integrated Science and Chemistry Principles
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Integrated Science and Chemistry Principles
Integrated Science and Chemistry Principles
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1
Question
How is the scientific study of ecology defined?
Page 1
Answer
Ecology is the scientific study of how organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment.
2
Question
What constitutes an ecosystem in the context of biology?
Page 1
Answer
An ecosystem consists of all the living organisms in a particular area, along with the non-living components of their environment, interacting as a system.
3
Question
How is the concept of sustainability defined in environmental science?
Page 1
Answer
Sustainability is the ability to maintain ecological processes and functions over time without depleting resources.
4
Question
What does the term biodiversity represent within an ecosystem?
Page 1
Answer
Biodiversity represents the variety of life found in an area, typically measured by the number of different species present.
5
Question
How does environmental stewardship differ from environmental exploitation?
Page 1
Answer
Environmental stewardship is the responsible use and protection of the natural environment through conservation and sustainable practices, whereas environmental exploitation involves the selfish use of resources for profit without regard for long-term consequences.
6
Question
What are the three foundations of all healthy ecosystems?
Page 1
Answer
1. Diverse structure; 2. Nutrients cycle through the ecosystem; 3. Energy flows through the ecosystem.
7
Question
Name and define the four 'spheres' of the Earth.
Page 2
Answer
1. Hydrosphere (all water); 2. Biosphere (all living things); 3. Lithosphere (Earth's crust and upper mantle); 4. Atmosphere (layers of gases).
8
Question
What is a biochemical cycle?
Page 2
Answer
A biochemical (or biogeochemical) cycle is the pathway by which a chemical substance moves through both biotic (biosphere) and abiotic (lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere) compartments of Earth.
9
Question
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
Page 2
Answer
\[6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2\]
10
Question
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
Page 2
Answer
\[\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{energy (ATP)}\]
11
Question
Define and provide an example of a producer and a consumer.
Page 2
Answer
A producer (e.g., plants) makes its own food using energy from the sun. A consumer (e.g., animals) must eat other organisms to obtain energy.
12
Question
How do carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores differ in their diets?
Page 2
Answer
Carnivores eat only meat (animals), herbivores eat only plants, and omnivores eat both plants and animals.
13
Question
What are the roles of scavengers and decomposers in an ecosystem?
Page 2
Answer
Scavengers eat the remains of dead animals (e.g., vultures), while decomposers break down organic matter into simpler nutrients (e.g., fungi or bacteria).
14
Question
Define and distinguish between endangered, extirpated, and extinct species.
Page 3
Answer
Endangered: facing imminent extinction/extirpation. Extirpated: no longer exists in a specific area but exists elsewhere. Extinct: no longer exists anywhere on Earth.
15
Question
What is the difference between threatened and special concern species?
Page 3
Answer
Threatened: likely to become endangered if factors are not reversed. Special concern: may become threatened or endangered due to biological traits and identified threats.
16
Question
How do habitat loss and habitat fragmentation affect biodiversity?
Page 3
Answer
Habitat loss is the complete destruction of natural environments. Fragmentation is the breaking of large habitats into smaller, isolated patches, which prevents species from migrating or accessing resources.
17
Question
What are invasive species and how can they be introduced?
Page 3
Answer
Invasive (non-native) species are organisms that are not natural to an area and cause harm. They can be introduced intentionally (e.g., for pest control) or accidentally (e.g., hitchhiking on ships).
18
Question
Identify three goals for climate change solutions according to the outline.
Page 3
Answer
1. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions; 2. Revisit our cultural and societal values; 3. Restore the dynamic equilibrium.
19
Question
How are pure substances classified in chemistry?
Page 4
Answer
Pure substances are classified as either elements (made of one type of atom) or compounds (two or more elements chemically combined).
20
Question
Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Page 4
Answer
Homogeneous mixtures (solutions) appear uniform and have only one visible phase. Heterogeneous mixtures (mechanical mixtures) are non-uniform and have multiple visible phases.
21
Question
State the five points of the Particle Theory of Matter.
Page 4
Answer
1. All matter is made of atoms/particles with empty spaces between them; 2. Different substances are made of different particles; 3. Particles are constantly moving; 4. Particles move faster as temperature increases; 5. Particles are more attracted when closer together.
22
Question
Define density and state its mathematical equation.
Page 4
Answer
Density is the amount of mass per unit volume of a substance. The equation is \[D = \frac{m}{V}\] where \(D\) is density, \(m\) is mass, and \(V\) is volume.
23
Question
What is the evidence that a chemical change has occurred?
Page 4
Answer
Evidence includes: 1. Change in color; 2. Change in odor; 3. Production of a gas (bubbles); 4. Formation of a precipitate (solid); 5. Release or absorption of energy (heat/light).
24
Question
What are the characteristics of subatomic particles?
Page 5
Answer
1. Protons: positive charge, in nucleus; 2. Neutrons: neutral charge, in nucleus; 3. Electrons: negative charge, orbiting the nucleus.
25
Question
How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom using standard notation?
Page 5
Answer
\[\text{Neutrons} = \text{Mass Number} - \text{Atomic Number}\]
26
Question
What is the difference between a Bohr-Rutherford diagram and a Lewis Dot diagram?
Page 5
Answer
A Bohr-Rutherford diagram shows all shells and subatomic particles (P, N, E), while a Lewis Dot diagram shows only the element symbol and its valence electrons.
27
Question
Identify the four common chemical groups on the periodic table and their group numbers.
Page 5
Answer
1. Alkali Metals (Group 1); 2. Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2); 3. Halogens (Group 17); 4. Noble Gases (Group 18).
28
Question
What do elements in the same row (period) and the same column (group) have in common?
Page 5
Answer
Elements in the same period have the same number of valence shells. Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons.
29
Question
Distinguish between potential energy and kinetic energy.
Page 6
Answer
Potential energy is stored energy an object has due to its position or state. Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion.
30
Question
How do you calculate electrical power using energy and time?
Page 6
Answer
\[\text{Power (P)} = \frac{\text{Energy (E)}}{\text{Time (t)}}\]