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Blood Histology and Physiology
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Blood Histology and Physiology
Blood Histology and Physiology
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1
Question
B lymphocytes VS T lymphocytes
Answer
B lymphocyt > Marker: CD20- produce antibodies - produced in bone marrow and differentiate in bone marrow -T lymphocytes > Markers: CD4 (helper T cells) / CD8 (cytotoxic T cells) - Function: Cellualr immunity > directly control or kill infected cell - produced in bone marrow - differentiate in thymus
2
Question
What condition occurs when erythrocyte membrane elasticity is lost?
Answer
Hemolytic anemia.
3
Question
What two primary components constitute the specialized connective tissue known as blood?
Page 1
Answer
Cells (formed elements) and plasma (a fluid extracellular matrix).
4
Question
What specific cellular components are found within the middle 'buffy coat' layer after blood centrifugation?
Page 1
Answer
Leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets.
5
Question
How does the composition of serum differ from that of plasma?
Page 1
Answer
Serum is plasma that lacks clotting factors (after a clot has formed).
6
Question
What are the three main functional categories of blood as described in systemic circulation?
Page 1
Answer
Transportation, Regulation (temperature, pH, osmotic balance), and Communication (hormones).
7
Question
What is the normal pH value of human blood plasma?
Page 2
Answer
Approximately 7.4
8
Question
Which plasma protein is the most abundant and primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic (oncotic) pressure?
Page 2
Answer
Albumin
9
Question
What are the three functional sub-types of globulins found in the blood plasma?
Page 2
Answer
Transport proteins (e.g., transferrin), Clotting factors (e.g., prothrombin), and Lipoproteins.
10
Question
What is the function of fibrinogen in the blood?
Page 2
Answer
It is converted into fibrin to form blood clots.
11
Question
Which two dyes are typically used in blood smear staining to differentiate nuclear and cytoplasmic components?
Page 3
Answer
Eosin (acidic dye) and Methylene blue (basic dye).
12
Question
What term describes the special color change seen in cytoplasmic granules stained with azure dyes?
Page 3
Answer
Metachromasia
13
Question
What is the standard diameter of a human erythrocyte, and how is it used in histology?
Page 3
Answer
Approximately 7.5 μm; it is used as a size reference for other cells and structures.
14
Question
What are the normal erythrocyte counts for adult men and women per microliter of blood?
Page 3
Answer
Women: 3.9–5.5 million/µL; Men: 4.1–6.0 million/µL.
15
Question
What term describes the loose stacking arrangement of red blood cells often seen in larger vessels?
Page 4
Answer
Rouleaux formation
16
Question
Which three components make up the erythrocyte membrane by percentage?
Page 4
Answer
~40% lipid, ~50% protein, and ~10% carbohydrate.
17
Question
Name three key proteins of the erythrocyte membrane and their specific functions.
Page 4
Answer
Band 3 (anion transporter), Glycophorin A (ABO antigens), and Spectrin/Ankyrin (cytoskeleton support).
18
Question
How do erythrocytes generate energy, and which organelle do they lack for this process?
Page 4
Answer
They use anaerobic glycolysis only; they lack mitochondria.
19
Question
What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte, and where are they removed when they age?
Page 4
Answer
Approximately 120 days; they are removed by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow.
20
Question
List the five types of leukocytes and classify them as granulocytes or agranulocytes.
Page 5
Answer
Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils; Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes.
21
Question
What are the four steps by which leukocytes move from the blood into infected tissues?
Page 5
Answer
Rolling, Adhesion, Diapedesis, and Chemotaxis.
22
Question
What are the typical abundance percentage and nuclear morphology of neutrophils?
Page 5
Answer
Abundance: 50–70% of leukocytes; Nucleus: 2–5 lobes connected by thin strands.
23
Question
Distinguish between primary and secondary granules in neutrophils.
Page 5
Answer
Primary (azurophilic): large dense lysosomes that kill microbes; Secondary (specific): smaller pale granules containing enzymes and bactericidal substances.
24
Question
What is the primary function of eosinophils, and when does their number increase?
Page 6
Answer
Function: Killing parasitic worms (helminths) and modulating allergic inflammation; Numbers increase during helminthic infections and allergic reactions.
25
Question
What is the effect of corticosteroids on blood eosinophil levels?
Page 6
Answer
They cause a rapid decrease in blood eosinophils by reducing their release from the bone marrow.
26
Question
What are the main substances found in the specific granules of basophils?
Page 6
Answer
Heparin, histamine, and sulfated GAGs (and other inflammatory mediators).
27
Question
What occurs during anaphylaxis involving basophils and mast cells?
Page 6
Answer
Second exposure to a strong allergen triggers degranulation, causing widespread vasodilation and dangerously low blood pressure.
28
Question
What are the three main types of lymphocytes and their basic functions?
Page 6
Answer
B lymphocytes (humoral immunity/antibodies), T lymphocytes (cellular immunity/killing infected cells), and NK cells (innate immunity/killing tumor cells).
29
Question
How can a lymphocyte be identified in a blood smear?
Page 67
Answer
It is a small cell with a large dark spherical nucleus and a very thin rim of cytoplasm.
30
Question
What is the C-shaped nucleus cell that serves as the precursor to macrophages?
Page 7
Answer
Monocyte