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Connective Tissue Histology
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Connective Tissue Histology
Connective Tissue Histology
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1
Question
How are connective tissues broadly classified into three main groups?
Page 1
Answer
They are classified as Embryonic connective tissue, Adult connective tissue, and Specialized connective tissue.
2
Question
What are the two primary components that make up all connective tissue?
Page 1
Answer
Connective tissue is composed of specialized cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM).
3
Question
Which resident cells of connective tissue are primarily responsible for synthesizing fibers and ground substance?
Page 1
Answer
Fibroblasts are the resident cells responsible for synthesis.
4
Question
How do resident cells differ from transient cells in connective tissue?
Page 1
Answer
Resident cells are permanent local residents, while transient cells migrate from the blood temporarily to perform specific functions.
5
Question
What are the three main types of protein fibers found in the extracellular matrix?
Page 2
Answer
The three main types are collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
6
Question
What are the primary chemical components of the ground substance in connective tissue?
Page 2
Answer
The ground substance is composed of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and adhesive glycoproteins.
7
Question
From which embryonic layer does all connective tissue develop?
Page 3
Answer
All connective tissue develops from the mesenchyme, which originates from the mesoderm.
8
Question
How can an active fibroblast be distinguished from an inactive fibrocyte under a microscope?
Page 3
Answer
Active fibroblasts have large, pale (euchromatic) nuclei, while inactive fibrocytes have smaller, darker (heterochromatic) nuclei.
9
Question
Which specialized forms of macrophages are found in the bone, liver, and nervous tissue respectively?
Page 4
Answer
In bone they are osteoclasts; in the liver, Kupffer cells; and in nervous tissue, microglial cells.
10
Question
What molecules are contained within the secretory granules of mast cells to mediate inflammatory responses?
Page 4
Answer
The granules contain heparin, histamine, serine proteases, cytokines, and phospholipids.
11
Question
What are the three main types of lymphocytes found in connective tissue and their specific functions?
Page 5
Answer
T lymphocytes provide cellular immunity; B lymphocytes provide humoral immunity; and Natural Killer (NK) cells provide cytotoxic immune surveillance.
12
Question
What is the sequence of events during the first three days of the wound healing process?
Page 5
Answer
Immediately a clot forms; within 24 hours neutrophils and monocytes arrive; by day 3, monocytes become macrophages, granulation tissue forms, and fibroblasts produce collagen.
13
Question
What are the characteristics and locations of Collagen Types I, III, and IV?
Page 6
Answer
Type I is the most abundant structural fiber; Type III (reticular) is found in lymphoid organs and bone marrow; Type IV is found in the basement membrane.
14
Question
How does the production of elastic fibers in blood vessels differ from their production in other tissues?
Page 7
Answer
In blood vessels, elastic fibers (lamellae) are produced by smooth muscle cells rather than fibroblasts.
15
Question
What is the most abundant and largest type of Glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and where is it synthesized?
Page 7
Answer
The most abundant GAG is Hyaluronic acid (hyaluronan), which is synthesized by hyaluronate synthase in the cell membrane.
16
Question
What is the basic structure of a proteoglycan?
Page 7
Answer
A proteoglycan consists of a core protein with various sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains.
17
Question
What is the role of multiadhesive glycoproteins like laminin and fibronectin in the extracellular matrix?
Page 8
Answer
They bind cells, fibers, and the ECM together, often connecting cells to the matrix via transmembrane proteins called integrins.
18
Question
What are the defining structural and functional differences between Loose and Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?
Page 9
Answer
Loose CT has more ground substance and few fibers, providing flexibility; Dense Irregular CT has many collagen fiber bundles arranged in multiple directions to resist stress.
19
Question
What are the primary locations of Dense Regular and Reticular Connective Tissue?
Page 9
Answer
Dense Regular CT is found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses; Reticular CT is found in lymphoid organs and bone marrow.
20
Question
What is Mucous (Mucoid) Connective Tissue, also known as Wharton’s Jelly, and where is it found?
Page 10
Answer
It is a gel-like tissue rich in hyaluronic acid found in the umbilical cord.
21
Question
Which specific fiber type is described as being 'argyrophilic' and what does this mean?
Page 6
Answer
Type III collagen (reticular fibers) are argyrophilic, meaning they are stained by silver.
22
Question
How does the metabolic state of a fibroblast affect the appearance of its organelles?
Page 3
Answer
Active fibroblasts show an enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi apparatus for protein processing and secretion.
23
Question
What is the role of Natural Killer (NK) cells in the connective tissue?
Page 5
Answer
They are cytotoxic cells that perform immune surveillance to identify and destroy abnormal cells.
24
Question
What are the specific carbohydrate contents of Type I and Type III collagen fibers?
Page 6
Answer
Type I collagen contains 1% carbohydrate, while Type III collagen contains approximately 10% carbohydrate.
25
Question
What is the significance of the 'clock-face' chromatin pattern in plasma cells?
Page 5
Answer
It is a characteristic histological feature of the plasma cell nucleus, where heterochromatin is arranged in clumps along the periphery.
26
Question
What happens to the number of cells versus fibers as granulation tissue matures into a scar?
Page 5
Answer
The number of cells decreases, while the amount of collagen fibers increases significantly.
27
Question
What is the function of the glycoprotein Fibronectin in the connective tissue?
Page 8
Answer
It is involved in cell adhesion, cell migration, and the wound healing process.
28
Question
What are the specific GAG components found in cartilage and skin?
Page 7
Answer
Cartilage contains Chondroitin sulfate and Keratan sulfate; skin contains Chondroitin sulfate and Dermatan sulfate.
29
Question
How does the arrangement of collagen fibers in Dense Regular Connective Tissue support its function?
Page 9
Answer
The fibers are arranged in parallel bundles to provide maximum strength and resistance to stress from a single direction.
30
Question
What is the primary origin and function of Mesenchymal stem cells in the adult?
Page 10
Answer
Mesenchymal stem cells have limited presence in adults but are critical in regenerative medicine for repairing tissues like the heart.