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Exercise Physiology and Sports Nutrition
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Exercise Physiology and Sports Nutrition
Exercise Physiology and Sports Nutrition
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1
Question
What are the three primary acute physiological requirements during exercise?
Page 1
Answer
Exercise requires additional energy in the form of ATP, extra cardiac effort for blood supply, and lung function to facilitate air exchange.
2
Question
What is the sequential order of energy system utilization during exercise?
Page 1
Answer
The body utilizes ATP first, followed by anaerobic systems, and finally aerobic pathways.
3
Question
What are the four primary functions of the cardiovascular system during exercise?
Page 1
Answer
It delivers \(O_2\) and nutrients to tissues, controls internal heat change, circulates hormones, and adjusts blood flow distribution.
4
Question
How does blood flow distribution change acutely during exercise?
Page 1
Answer
Blood flow increases to the muscles and skin while gastrointestinal blood flow decreases.
5
Question
What are the cardiovascular changes required to deliver oxygen and nutrients during exercise?
Page 1
Answer
Heart rate increases, stroke volume increases, and there is an increase in muscle and skin blood flow.
6
Question
How does the thermoregulatory system respond to cold versus hot and humid environments?
Page 1
Answer
Thermoregulation is useful in the cold but becomes challenging in hot and humid environments.
7
Question
What is the relationship between sweat evaporation and core body temperature?
Page 2
Answer
Sweat evaporation increases heat loss, which minimizes the increase in core temperature.
8
Question
Why is adequate fluid intake crucial for thermoregulation during exercise?
Page 2
Answer
It maintains blood volume, ensuring that heat loss via evaporation can continue to occur.
9
Question
What nutritional factors are identified as causes of fatigue during performance?
Page 6
Answer
Glycogen depletion, hypoglycemia, dehydration, hyponatremia, and gastrointestinal discomfort are key factors.
10
Question
What nutrition supports are provided for metabolic responses according to the integrated framework?
Page 2
Answer
Nutrition supports energy availability, glycogen storage, and substrate use.
11
Question
What is the primary role of nutrition in supporting cardiovascular responses?
Page 2
Answer
Nutrition supports the maintenance of blood volume and oxygen delivery.
12
Question
How does nutrition support training adaptations in athletes?
Page 2
Answer
Nutrition facilitates muscle remodeling and mitochondrial production.
13
Question
What are the three core categories of nutritional assessment?
Page 3
Answer
Nutrition assessment includes nutrition-focused examination, biochemical tests, and physique assessment.
14
Question
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the 24-hour diet recall method?
Page 3
Answer
Advantages include low burden and no literacy requirement; disadvantages include recall bias and lack of capturing episodic intake.
15
Question
What characterizes the dietary record method of measuring intake?
Page 3
Answer
It is detailed and accurate but places a high burden on respondents and can lead to reactivity.
16
Question
What are the benefits and current limitations of image-based dietary records?
Page 3
Answer
Benefits include real-time assessment and independence from literacy; limitations include incomplete automation and potential for reactivity.
17
Question
What general sources of error apply to all dietary assessment methods?
Page 4
Answer
Participants may change eating habits to hide 'bad' choices, and issues with recall or memory often occur.
18
Question
How do recall methods specifically bias energy intake estimations?
Page 4
Answer
They tend to overestimate intake for low-energy individuals and underestimate intake for high-energy individuals.
19
Question
What are the limitations of nutrition databases and diet apps?
Page 4
Answer
They only estimate composition, are country-specific, and do not always allow for substitute foods.
20
Question
What is the basis for the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating as applied to athletes?
Page 4
Answer
It suggests serving numbers based on nutrient age requirements, accounting for height and activity levels.
21
Question
How are carbohydrate and protein recommendations typically expressed for athletes?
Page 4
Answer
They are expressed as absolute amounts adjusted for body weight in \(g/kg\).
22
Question
Which nutrients do athletes require in higher amounts compared to population standards?
Page 4
Answer
Athletes require higher carbohydrates and proteins, and potentially more iron or antioxidants.
23
Question
What are the four primary reasons for measuring dietary intake?
Page 4
Answer
To assess inadequate intakes, identify risk-related behaviors, assess eating patterns, and increase self-awareness.
24
Question
What principles should guide physique assessments in terms of inclusivity and sensitivity?
Page 5
Answer
Assessments should emphasize health and function, be voluntary with informed consent, and use respectful language.
25
Question
What performance-related reasons justify physique assessments for athletes?
Page 5
Answer
To identify relevant physical characteristics, inform individualized training, and monitor adaptations.
26
Question
What health-related reasons justify the assessment of an athlete's physique?
Page 5
Answer
Reasons include screening for disease risk, tracking rehabilitation progress, and assessing metabolic health.
27
Question
Name the laboratory methods for assessing body composition mentioned in the curriculum.
Page 5
Answer
Laboratory methods include Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) and Bodpod (displacement of air).
28
Question
What are the common field methods for assessing body composition in athletes?
Page 5
Answer
Field methods include Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), skinfolds, anthropometry, and BMI.
29
Question
Define Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) and its related components DIT and RMR.
Page 6
Answer
TEE is total energy use; DIT is dietary-induced thermogenesis from digestion; RMR is resting metabolic rate for basic existence.
30
Question
What is the primary protein synthesis focus for resistance training versus endurance training?
Page 6
Answer
Resistance training focuses on myofibrillar protein synthesis, while endurance training focuses on mitochondrial protein synthesis.