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Cellular Pathology and Adaptation
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Cellular Pathology and Adaptation
Cellular Pathology and Adaptation
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1
Question
What is the scientific study of the mechanism of disease?
Page 2
Answer
Pathology
2
Question
Which term describes diseases that are caused by the interaction of multiple factors?
Page 2
Answer
Multifactorial
3
Question
What two types of factors typically act together to cause multifactorial diseases?
Page 2
Answer
Environmental factors and genetic factors
4
Question
How do genetic conditions typically interact with environmental factors regarding disease?
Page 2
Answer
They predispose individuals to an increased risk from environmental factors
5
Question
What two things do diseases primarily injure, leading to tissue and organ damage?
Page 2
Answer
Cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM)
6
Question
What term refers to the steady internal state maintained by cells in balance with the environment?
Page 2
Answer
Homeostasis
7
Question
What are two specific examples of physiological variables maintained by homeostasis?
Page 2
Answer
Body temperature and pH
8
Question
What can cells do to maintain homeostasis when faced with increased demands or stress?
Page 2
Answer
Adapt
9
Question
What is the definition of cellular adaptation?
Page 3
Answer
A reversible response involving structural or functional modifications
10
Question
What are the two types of conditions that cellular adaptation aims to accommodate?
Page 3
Answer
Physiologic (normal) demands and pathologic (adverse) conditions
11
Question
How does the uterus adapt to the physiologic state of pregnancy?
Page 3
Answer
By enlarging through an increase in the size and number of cells
12
Question
What pathologic condition causes myocardial cells to enlarge as an adaptation?
Page 3
Answer
High blood pressure (hypertension)
13
Question
What is the primary goal of cellular adaptation?
Page 4
Answer
To maintain homeostasis and avoid injury
14
Question
How does the status of an adapted cell compare to a normal or injured cell?
Page 4
Answer
It falls somewhere between these two states
15
Question
What five cellular characteristics can be affected by adaptive changes?
Page 4
Answer
Size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, and function
16
Question
What is the potential result of chronic, long-term adaptive changes?
Page 4
Answer
Irreversible damage and/or neoplasia
17
Question
Define the cellular adaptation known as atrophy.
Page 5
Answer
Decrease in cellular size
18
Question
Define the cellular adaptation known as hypertrophy.
Page 5
Answer
Increase in cellular size
19
Question
Define the cellular adaptation known as hyperplasia.
Page 5
Answer
Increase in number of cells
20
Question
Define the cellular adaptation known as metaplasia.
Page 5
Answer
Reversible replacement of one type of cell with another
21
Question
Define the cellular adaptation known as anaplasia.
Page 5
Answer
Reversible loss of differentiation
22
Question
Define the condition known as dysplasia.
Page 5
Answer
Deranged cellular growth and tissue architecture
23
Question
How does dysplasia compare to neoplasia in terms of reversibility?
Page 5
Answer
Dysplasia is often reversible, whereas neoplasia is irreversible
24
Question
What structure is described as an extracellular matrix fence in epithelial tissue?
Page 6
Answer
The basement membrane
25
Question
What is notable about the basement membrane during adaptive cellular changes?
Page 6
Answer
None of the changes result in breaking the basement membrane
26
Question
What specific environmental stimulus typically leads to metaplasia?
Page 7
Answer
Chronic injury or irritation
27
Question
What specific environmental stimulus leads to dysplasia?
Page 7
Answer
Persistent severe injury or irritation
28
Question
How successful are cellular adaptations to pathologic conditions in the long term?
Page 8
Answer
They are usually only temporarily successful
29
Question
What happens when severe or chronic stressors overwhelm adaptive processes?
Page 8
Answer
Cellular injury or death
30
Question
Name the six common sources of cell stress listed in the text.
Page 8
Answer
Structural damage, inflammation, fluid/solute accumulations, neoplasia, genetic influences, and aging