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Cognitive Psychology Memory Models
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Cognitive Psychology Memory Models
Cognitive Psychology Memory Models
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1
Question
What are the three main stores in the multi-store model of memory?
Page 2
Answer
Sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
2
Question
What are the key features of each store in the multi-store model?
Page 2
Answer
Coding, capacity, and duration for sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
3
Question
What are the three types of long-term memory?
Page 2
Answer
Episodic, semantic, and procedural.
4
Question
What components make up the working memory model?
Page 2
Answer
Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer.
5
Question
What are the two main explanations for forgetting in the multi-store model?
Page 2
Answer
Proactive and retroactive interference, plus retrieval failure due to absence of cues.
6
Question
What factors affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?
Page 2
Answer
Misleading information including leading questions and post-event discussion, plus anxiety.
7
Question
How can the accuracy of eyewitness testimony be improved?
Page 2
Answer
Using the cognitive interview.
8
Question
What is the coding in sensory memory according to the multi-store model?
Page 3
Answer
Modality specific (senses).
9
Question
What is the capacity and duration of sensory memory?
Page 3
Answer
Capacity very high, duration less than half a second.
10
Question
What is the coding, capacity, and duration of short-term memory?
Page 3
Answer
Coding acoustically, capacity 5-9 items, duration around 18 seconds.
11
Question
What distinguishes the coding in long-term memory from other stores?
Page 3
Answer
Semantically.
12
Question
What is the capacity and duration of long-term memory?
Page 3
Answer
Capacity practically unlimited, duration potentially a lifetime.
13
Question
How did Baddeley (1966) demonstrate different coding in STM and LTM?
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Answer
Acoustically similar words harder in immediate recall (STM), semantically similar harder after 20 minutes (LTM).
14
Question
What did Jacobs (1887) find about short-term memory capacity?
Page 4
Answer
Mean digit span 9.3 items, letter span 7.3 items.
15
Question
How does chunking increase short-term memory capacity according to Miller (1956)?
Page 4
Answer
Groups information into meaningful units, expanding beyond 5-9 items.
16
Question
What did Peterson and Peterson (1959) show about short-term memory duration?
Page 4
Answer
Recall of 3 consonants dropped to 3% after 18 seconds counting backwards.
17
Question
What does the serial position effect demonstrate about memory stores?
Page 5
Answer
Primacy effect (LTM rehearsal), recency effect (STM), poor middle.
18
Question
What does the KF case study suggest about short-term memory?
Page 5
Answer
Multiple STM stores: auditory impaired (poor digits aloud), visual intact.
19
Question
Why does the multi-store model inadequately explain memory transfer according to Craig and Watkins (1973)?
Page 5
Answer
Elaborative rehearsal transfers to LTM faster than prolonged maintenance rehearsal.
20
Question
What characterizes episodic long-term memory?
Page 6
Answer
Explicit memories of events with time stamp, context, and emotions; conscious effort to recall.
21
Question
How does semantic long-term memory differ from episodic?
Page 6
Answer
Memories for facts and knowledge; explicit but loses event association over time.
22
Question
What defines procedural long-term memory?
Page 6
Answer
Memory for how to do things; requires repetition/practice, implicit, automatic, hard to explain.
23
Question
What brain area activates for episodic memory per Tulving (1989)?
Page 6
Answer
Frontal lobes (frontal cortex).
24
Question
Why does Clive Wearing support distinct LTM types?
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Answer
Episodic impaired from virus, but semantic and procedural intact (understands words, plays piano).
25
Question
What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?
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Answer
Drives system, directs attention, allocates slave systems to tasks; no storage, limited processing capacity.
26
Question
What comprises the phonological loop in working memory?
Page 7
Answer
Phonological store (words heard), articulatory process (rehearsal, ~2 seconds capacity).
27
Question
Describe the visuo-spatial sketchpad components.
Page 7
Answer
Visual cache (stores visual data), inner scribe (records object arrangements).
28
Question
What is the function and capacity of the episodic buffer?
Page 7
Answer
General storage integrating other subsystems and long-term memory; limited to 4 chunks.
29
Question
How does the KF case support the working memory model?
Page 8
Answer
Auditory STM impaired (digits poor aloud), visual intact, LTM ok – separate stores.
30
Question
What did Dolcos et al. (2007) find using fMRI on dual tasks?
Page 8
Answer
Different prefrontal cortex areas activate for same-store vs different-store tasks.