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Cancer Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
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Cancer Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
Cancer Pathophysiology and Epidemiology
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1
Question
What characterizes cancer according to US rates data?
Page 2
Answer
Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body.
2
Question
What is the lifetime cancer risk for men in the US?
Page 2
Answer
1 in 2 men will develop cancer.
3
Question
What is the lifetime cancer risk for women in the US?
Page 2
Answer
1 in 3 women will develop cancer.
4
Question
What are the most common cancer sites in US men?
Page 2
Answer
Prostate, lung, colon, and rectum.
5
Question
What are the most common cancer sites in US women?
Page 2
Answer
Breast, lung, colon, and rectum.
6
Question
What is cancer's rank as a cause of death in the US?
Page 2
Answer
Second leading cause of death.
7
Question
What is the basic structure of tissues according to cancer pathophysiology?
Page 3
Answer
Cells.
8
Question
How do normal cells reproduce in tissues?
Page 3
Answer
Steadily at a controlled rate.
9
Question
How do cells divide according to pathophysiology?
Page 3
Answer
By splitting DNA and being replicated using RNA.
10
Question
What are errors in genetic code during cell division called?
Page 3
Answer
Mutations.
11
Question
How do mutations affect cancer likelihood?
Page 3
Answer
Mutations increase the likelihood of cancer development.
12
Question
What is the sequence of cellular changes leading to cancer?
Page 3
Answer
Hypertrophy → Hyperplasia → Metaplasia → Dysplasia → Anaplasia.
13
Question
What defines carcinogenesis?
Page 4
Answer
Process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
14
Question
What are external factors causing cancer?
Page 4
Answer
Infection, chemicals, radiation, and tobacco use.
15
Question
What internal factors contribute to cancer?
Page 4
Answer
Genetic mutation, immunologic conditions, and hormone.
16
Question
What is primary prevention of cancer?
Page 4
Answer
Changes in lifestyle and habit to eliminate or reduce exposure to carcinogens.
17
Question
Define carcinogens.
Page 4
Answer
Substances known to increase risk for developing cancer.
18
Question
Name five risk factors for cancer from the list.
Page 5
Answer
Smoking, UV exposure, heavy alcohol use, heredity, viruses.
19
Question
How many cancers are hereditary?
Page 6
Answer
5 to 10%.
20
Question
What causes hereditary cancers?
Page 6
Answer
Germline mutations in egg or sperm cells incorporated into DNA.
21
Question
What is the most commonly mutated gene in all cancers?
Page 6
Answer
Tp53.
22
Question
How do BRCA1 and BRCA2 affect breast cancer risk?
Page 6
Answer
Increases chances to 80% risk of breast cancer in women.
23
Question
What acronym lists cancer warning signs?
Page 7
Answer
CAUTION.
24
Question
What does C stand for in CAUTION cancer warnings?
Page 7
Answer
Changes in bowel or bladder habits.
25
Question
What does A stand for in CAUTION?
Page 7
Answer
A sore that does not heal.
26
Question
List three CAUTION warning signs starting with U, T, I.
Page 7
Answer
Unusual bleeding or discharge; Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere; Indigestion or difficulty swallowing.
27
Question
What do O and N represent in CAUTION?
Page 7
Answer
Obvious change in warts or moles; Nagging cough or hoarseness.
28
Question
Define neoplasm in cancer terminology.
Page 8
Answer
A new growth.
29
Question
How does benign differ from malignant growth?
Page 8
Answer
Benign is not recurrent or progressive.
30
Question
Define malignant in cancer terms.
Page 8
Answer
Abnormal cell growth with loss of normal role and function.