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Introduction to Virology
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Introduction to Virology
Introduction to Virology
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1
Question
What is the definition of virology according to the lecture notes?
Page 3
Answer
Scientific study of viruses.
2
Question
What is a virus described as in terms of its evolutionary origin?
Page 3
Answer
Product of regressive evolution of living cells derived from cellular genetic material that acquired the capacity to exist and function independently.
3
Question
Which types of viruses exist according to the source material?
Page 3
Answer
Plant viruses, animal viruses, or bacterial viruses.
4
Question
What is the genetic material composition of viruses?
Page 3
Answer
Composed of either RNA or DNA.
5
Question
What protein structure usually surrounds the viral genetic material?
Page 3
Answer
Protein coat called the capsid.
6
Question
How can viruses be classified based on their outer structure?
Page 3
Answer
Either naked or possess an envelope.
7
Question
Where do viruses multiply according to their characteristics?
Page 3
Answer
Only in living cells as obligate intracellular parasites.
8
Question
Under what type of microscope can viruses not be seen?
Page 3
Answer
Light microscope.
9
Question
Are viruses considered living organisms?
Page 4
Answer
No, viruses are not living organisms.
10
Question
Where do viruses grow and reproduce compared to bacteria?
Page 4
Answer
Viruses only grow and reproduce inside host cells. Bacteria grow independently.
11
Question
What is the size comparison between viruses and bacteria?
Page 4
Answer
Viruses are submicroscopic. Bacteria are giant compared to viruses.
12
Question
How does viral infection spread in the body compared to bacterial?
Page 4
Answer
Viral infection is systemic; infects host cell then multiplies by thousands leaving to infect others. Bacterial infection is usually localized.
13
Question
Name examples of systemic diseases caused by viruses.
Page 4
Answer
Influenza, measles, polio, AIDS, COVID-19.
14
Question
What causes bacterial diseases according to the notes?
Page 4
Answer
Bacteria or by toxins (endotoxins) produced.
15
Question
Name examples of bacterial diseases listed in the source.
Page 4
Answer
Pneumonia, tuberculosis, tetanus, food poisoning.
16
Question
Who first developed the smallpox vaccine and in what year?
Page 5
Answer
Edward Jenner in 1798.
17
Question
What observation led Edward Jenner to develop the smallpox vaccine?
Page 5
Answer
Milkmaids were resistant to smallpox after cowpox exposure.
18
Question
Who developed the first rabies vaccine and when?
Page 6
Answer
Louis Pasteur in 1885.
19
Question
Who first recorded transmission through a bacteria-proof filter and discovered tobacco mosaic virus?
Page 7
Answer
Dmitri Iwanowski in 1892.
20
Question
Who coined the term 'virus' meaning poison in Latin?
Page 8
Answer
Beijerinck in 1898.
21
Question
Which scientists conducted experiments with foot-and-mouth disease virus?
Page 9
Answer
Loeffler and Frosch in 1898.
22
Question
Who described viruses of bacteria known as bacteriophages?
Page 10
Answer
D’Herelle in 1922.
23
Question
Who first demonstrated that plant viruses contain nucleic acid and protein?
Page 11
Answer
Stanley in 1935.
24
Question
Who replicated polio virus in mammalian cells?
Page 12
Answer
Enders, Weller, and Robbins.
25
Question
Which scientists worked on DNA and RNA viruses?
Page 13
Answer
Baltimore, Dulbecco, and Temin.
26
Question
Who discovered HIV?
Page 14
Answer
Montagnier in 1984.
27
Question
Who discovered the nature of prions?
Page 15
Answer
Stanley Prusiner in 1986.
28
Question
When was the first visualization of a virus achieved?
Page 16
Answer
1939 using an electron microscope.
29
Question
What does the regressive parasite theory state about virus origins?
Page 17
Answer
Viruses are products of regressive evolution of a living cell originating from obligate intracellular parasites that lost cell-like structures and became independent on host functions.
30
Question
According to subcellular element theory, where do viruses derive from?
Page 17
Answer
Cellular genetic materials that acquired the capacity to exist and function independently.