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Head and Neck Anatomy and Pathology Review
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Head and Neck Anatomy and Pathology Review
Head and Neck Anatomy and Pathology Review
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1
Question
Which artery passes between the roots of the auriculotemporal nerve?
Page 1
Answer
Middle meningeal artery (MMA)
2
Question
What is the auriculotemporal nerve?
Page 1
Answer
A branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) of the trigeminal nerve
3
Question
How does the auriculotemporal nerve arise?
Page 1
Answer
As two roots which typically embrace the middle meningeal artery before reuniting to form a single nerve trunk
4
Question
What is the middle meningeal artery (MMA)?
Page 1
Answer
A branch of the maxillary artery, which is itself a terminal branch of the external carotid artery
5
Question
Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?
Page 1
Answer
Foramen spinosum to supply the dura mater
6
Question
How does the pretrematic branch relate to pharyngeal arches?
Page 1
Answer
During embryological development, each pharyngeal (branchial) arch is associated with a cranial nerve and its pretrematic branch
7
Question
What is the pretrematic branch for the first pharyngeal arch?
Page 1
Answer
Chorda tympani
8
Question
What structures derive from the first pharyngeal arch?
Page 1
Answer
Muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric
9
Question
Which of the following is not a branch of the facial nerve?
Page 1
Answer
Deep petrosal
10
Question
What are the intracranial branches of the facial nerve?
Page 1
Answer
Greater petrosal nerve (parasympathetic to lacrimal gland), nerve to stapedius (motor to stapedius muscle), chorda tympani (taste to anterior 2/3 tongue and parasympathetic to submandibular/sublingual glands)
11
Question
In a patient with complete loss of vision in the left eye after falling from bed, which structure is injured?
Page 1
Answer
Optic nerve
12
Question
Describe the visual pathway sequence.
Page 1
Answer
Optic nerve carries signals from one eye, optic chiasma nasal fibers from both eyes cross, optic tract carries signals from opposite visual field of both eyes, lateral geniculate body thalamic relay center, optic radiations terminate in visual cortex
13
Question
In a 22-year-old boy unable to close left eye and smile on left side after facial laceration, what is most likely injured?
Page 1
Answer
Parotid gland
14
Question
What facial muscles are innervated by CN VII for eye closure and smiling?
Page 1
Answer
Orbicularis oculi closes the eye, zygomaticus major, orbicularis oris, and other muscles of facial expression used in smiling
15
Question
The superior bulb of the internal jugular vein is related to which part of the tympanic cavity?
Page 1
Answer
Floor
16
Question
List the six walls of the tympanic cavity.
Page 2
Answer
Roof (tegmental wall by tegmen tympani), floor (jugular wall related to superior bulb IJV), lateral (mainly tympanic membrane), medial (promontory, oval/round window), anterior (internal carotid artery, pharyngotympanic tube)
17
Question
In a patient with unilateral downward deviation, drooping eyelid, and dilated pupil after brain tumor, which nerve is affected?
Page 2
Answer
Oculomotor nerve
18
Question
What are clinical features of oculomotor nerve (CN III) palsy?
Page 2
Answer
Ptosis due to paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris, eye deviation down and out due to unopposed lateral rectus (CN VI) and superior oblique (CN IV), dilated pupil (mydriasis) due to loss of parasympathetic innervation to sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles
19
Question
Demyelinating disease of the spinal cord associated with which deficiency?
Page 2
Answer
Vitamin B12
20
Question
What characterizes subacute combined degeneration (SCD) from vitamin B12 deficiency?
Page 2
Answer
Demyelination of dorsal columns (loss proprioception/vibration), lateral corticospinal tracts (spastic paresis), spinocerebellar tracts (ataxia); clinical: paresthesias/numbness, gait disturbances (ataxia)
21
Question
Failure of fusion causing unilateral cleft lip?
Page 2
Answer
Median nasal process with maxillary process
22
Question
Embryology of upper lip development?
Page 2
Answer
Maxillary processes (paired, lateral), median nasal process (frontonasal prominence, central); cleft when maxillary fails fuse median nasal (unilateral/bilateral cleft lip)
23
Question
MELAS associated with dysfunction of?
Page 2
Answer
Electron transport chain
24
Question
Cause and effects of MELAS syndrome?
Page 2
Answer
Mutations mitochondrial DNA (MT-TL1 tRNA leu), impair protein synth/electron transport chain (ETC oxphos ATP), insufficient ATP energy tissues (brain/muscles), stroke-like, lactic acidosis (anaerobic glycolysis), muscle weakness; recurrent strokes <40yo, seizures, encephalopathy
25
Question
Child fatigue calf cramps running, glycogen metabolism enzyme deficiency?
Page 3
Answer
Myophosphorylase
26
Question
McArdle disease (GSD V) features?
Page 3
Answer
Myophosphorylase (muscle glycogen phosphorylase isoform) deficiency → glycogen accumulates muscles impaired glycogenolysis; exercise-induced muscle pain/cramps, fatigue strenuous activity, possible myoglobinuria
27
Question
Cellular organelle for packaging and sorting proteins?
Page 3
Answer
Golgi apparatus
28
Question
Functions of Golgi apparatus?
Page 3
Answer
Modification (glycosylation), sorting, packaging proteins/lipids into vesicles for secretion (exocytosis), delivery to lysosomes/plasma membrane/other organelles; receives from rough ER transport vesicles
29
Question
Constriction of which arteriole increases both GFR and filtration fraction?
Page 3
Answer
Efferent arteriole
30
Question
Effect of efferent arteriole constriction on renal filtration?
Page 3
Answer
Blood backs up glomerular capillaries → increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure → raises GFR; FF = GFR/RPF increases