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Cell Biology and Microscopy
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Cell Biology and Microscopy
Cell Biology and Microscopy
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1
Question
What is the function of the cell membrane in an animal cell?
Answer
Controls the entry and exit of substances into the cell.
2
Question
Where do chemical reactions occur in an animal cell?
Answer
In the cytoplasm.
3
Question
What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?
Answer
Protein synthesis, which means to make proteins.
4
Question
How does the nucleus control cell activities?
Answer
It contains DNA that directs all cell functions.
5
Question
Why are mitochondria important for cell energy?
Answer
Aerobic respiration happens there, providing energy for the cell.
6
Question
How do chloroplasts differ from mitochondria in plant cells?
Answer
Chloroplasts are oblong with stacks of discs for absorbing light energy in photosynthesis; mitochondria have wiggly lines for aerobic respiration.
7
Question
What is the function of the permanent vacuole in plant cells?
Answer
Contains cell sap and supports cell structure.
8
Question
Why is the plant cell wall made of cellulose?
Answer
It is strong and helps cell structure.
9
Question
What are the three features found only in plant cells not in animal cells?
Answer
Cell wall, permanent vacuole, and chloroplasts.
10
Question
How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?
Answer
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing DNA; prokaryotic cells do not and have DNA floating in cytoplasm.
11
Question
What structures are present in bacterial cells as prokaryotic examples?
Answer
Cell wall (not cellulose), cell membrane, cytoplasm, plasmids, ribosomes, DNA/chromosome (no nucleus), sometimes flagellum.
12
Question
Why do some bacterial cells have a flagellum?
Answer
For moving around or swimming.
13
Question
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in organelles?
Answer
No mitochondria or chloroplasts; have cell wall but not cellulose.
14
Question
Why do specialized cells change size, shape, and subcellular structures?
Answer
To carry out specific functions in organisms.
15
Question
What adaptations does a root hair cell have for its function?
Answer
No chloroplasts, elongated shape to absorb water and mineral ions from soil.
16
Question
How do xylem and phloem differ in function within plants?
Answer
Xylem transports water; phloem transports sugars and amino acids.
17
Question
What adaptation allows sperm cells to reach the egg?
Answer
Tail (flagellum) helps it swim.
18
Question
Why do nerve cells have a long axon?
Answer
To transmit electrical impulses over long distances.
19
Question
Why do muscle cells contain many mitochondria?
Answer
To provide energy for contraction through respiration.
20
Question
What process makes cells specialized for functions?
Answer
Differentiation, where genes turn on/off to change shape or subcellular structures.
21
Question
What are undifferentiated cells called that can differentiate into various types?
Answer
Stem cells.
22
Question
How does plant cell differentiation differ from animal cell differentiation?
Answer
Plants can differentiate throughout life (e.g., cloning from leaf); most animal cells differentiate early and cannot re-differentiate.
23
Question
Why is differentiation important in animal development from embryo?
Answer
Stem cells differentiate to produce tissues like eyes, brain, muscle for full organism; mitosis then grows size.
24
Question
How does a light microscope magnify images?
Answer
Light passes through sample, objective lenses, eyepiece to enlarge structures beyond real size.
25
Question
What limits light microscopes compared to electron microscopes?
Answer
Max ~1500x magnification; sees nucleus/mitochondria but not ribosomes; electron has higher magnification/resolution for smaller details.
26
Question
Why are electron microscopes important for biology discoveries?
Answer
Allow seeing inside cells, subcellular structures like mitochondria/chloroplasts, and bacteria details.
27
Question
What steps prepare an onion slide for microscopy?
Answer
Drop water on slide, add thin onion skin, stain with iodine, lower coverslip gently.
28
Question
How do you focus a microscope starting from low power?
Answer
Place slide on stage with clips, low objective (4x), coarse focus; then higher power, fine focus.
29
Question
How quickly can bacteria divide by binary fission?
Answer
Every 20 minutes; calculate as initial number × 2^divisions.
30
Question
What conditions allow bacteria to grow successfully?
Answer
Nutrients, oxygen, warm temperature, no contaminants.