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Experimental Research Methods
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Experimental Research Methods
Experimental Research Methods
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1
Question
What are the three criteria required for a successful causal claim in true experiments?
Page 1
Answer
Temporal precedence, association or correlation, and internal validity.
2
Question
What does temporal precedence mean in true experiments?
Page 1
Answer
The cause comes before the effect.
3
Question
What defines association or correlation in true experiments?
Page 1
Answer
There is a clear relationship between the cause and the effect.
4
Question
What is internal validity in the context of true experiments?
Page 1
Answer
No other explanation accounts for the relationship between cause and effect.
5
Question
What is the role of the independent variable in true experiments?
Page 1
Answer
It is the manipulated variable.
6
Question
What is the dependent variable in true experiments?
Page 1
Answer
It is the measured variable.
7
Question
Why are control variables used in true experiments?
Page 1
Answer
To monitor and enhance internal validity by preventing unintentional influences.
8
Question
How do participants experience variables in between-subjects designs?
Page 1
Answer
Each person gets only one level of the variable.
9
Question
What is a posttest-only design in between-subjects experiments?
Page 1
Answer
Random assignment to groups, then treatment and measure.
10
Question
What characterizes a pretest-posttest design in between-subjects experiments?
Page 1
Answer
Both groups pretest, one gets treatment, both posttest.
11
Question
What are common pitfalls in between-subjects designs?
Page 1
Answer
Accidental results from selection bias, attrition.
12
Question
How can pitfalls in between-subjects designs be fixed?
Page 1
Answer
Match and group similar participants.
13
Question
What defines within-subjects designs in experiments?
Page 1
Answer
Each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable.
14
Question
What is a repeated measures design example?
Page 1
Answer
One group tastes chocolate with confederate then alone, rates each time.
15
Question
What occurs in concurrent measures design within-subjects?
Page 1
Answer
One group given two variables at once, like pointed and control cup.
16
Question
What is the main pitfall in within-subjects designs?
Page 1
Answer
Fatigue effects.
17
Question
How is fatigue fixed in within-subjects designs?
Page 1
Answer
Counterbalance, Latin square, or randomize order.
18
Question
What are demand characteristics in experiments?
Page 1
Answer
Participants aware of conditions act differently than normal.
19
Question
How do true experiments differ from association designs?
Page 1
Answer
True experiments manipulate IV; association measures relationships without manipulation.
20
Question
In association research, what do predictor and outcome variables represent?
Page 2
Answer
Independent or predictor variable and dependent variable.
21
Question
What visualization pairs with continuous variables in association research?
Page 2
Answer
Scatterplot with R-value from -1 to +1.
22
Question
How are categorical and continuous variables visualized in association?
Page 2
Answer
Bar plot with statistic like t or F for mean differences.
23
Question
What chart shows relationships for two categorical variables?
Page 2
Answer
Contingency table or stacked bar chart.
24
Question
Why conduct association research instead of true experiments?
Page 2
Answer
Practicality when random assignment impossible and ethical concerns.
25
Question
What defines quasi-experimental designs?
Page 2
Answer
Manipulated but not fully random IV affecting measured DV.
26
Question
What are non-equivalent groups in quasi-experiments?
Page 2
Answer
Groups selected carefully for interesting comparisons, like matching twins.
27
Question
What is interrupted time series design in quasi-experiments?
Page 2
Answer
Multiple surveys before event then multiple after.
28
Question
Describe waitlist design in quasi-experiments.
Page 2
Answer
Group 1 pretest-drug-posttests; Group 2 pretest-nothing-test-drug-test.
29
Question
What is observational research in descriptive studies?
Page 2
Answer
Observe the world without intervention, like Jane Goodall with chimps.
30
Question
What advantage does ethnography or participant observation provide?
Page 2
Answer
Good or higher external validity through immersion.