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Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation and Automation
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Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation and Automation
Clinical Laboratory Instrumentation and Automation
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1
Question
What is an example of a photodetector used in laboratory instruments?
Answer
photomultiplier tube
2
Question
What is a holmium oxide filter used for in spectrophotometry?
Answer
To determine wavelength accuracy of a spectrophotometer
3
Question
What type of surface causes diffuse reflection of light?
Answer
A grainy or fibrous surface
4
Question
What process does fluorescence describe for a compound interacting with EMR?
Answer
A compound absorbs EMR, becomes excited, and returns to a lower energy level
5
Question
What is the definition of chemiluminescence in molecular reactions?
Answer
The release of light energy by a molecule after reacting with chemicals such as an oxidizer, acid, or base
6
Question
How can the total solute concentration of a urine sample be measured?
Answer
By refractometry
7
Question
What principle is osmometry based on and what is a key example?
Answer
Colligative properties; freezing point depression
8
Question
What is the functional principle behind a pH electrode?
Answer
Potentiometry
9
Question
What does retention time refer to in gas chromatography?
Answer
The time it takes a compound to elute off the column once it has been injected
10
Question
What are the three major components of a mass spectrometer?
Answer
Ion source, mass analyzer, and ion detector
11
Question
Name an example of a transducer used in biosensor devices.
Answer
Optical
12
Question
Which factors affect chromatographic resolution?
Answer
Alpha (α), k prime (k'), and N
13
Question
What result has automating laboratory testing achieved regarding errors?
Answer
Reduced number of testing errors
14
Question
What is an example of a preanalytical sample-processing task?
Answer
Sorting samples
15
Question
What laboratory demands drive the need for automation?
Answer
Reduced turnaround time, increased throughput, and compensation for shortages of CLSs
16
Question
What does laboratory test throughput measure?
Answer
The number of tests performed per hour
17
Question
What feature does an open-reagent analyzer provide to users?
Answer
Allows the user to buy and use reagents from a vendor other than the instrument manufacturer
18
Question
What methods can incubate sample and reagent in automated systems?
Answer
Water, Peltier thermoelectric modules, or heating air
19
Question
When does the postanalytical stage of laboratory testing begin?
Answer
After the electrical signal is generated by the detector
20
Question
What does the test menu represent in a clinical laboratory?
Answer
A list of tests offered by the clinical laboratory
21
Question
What does bidirectional interface mean for a laboratory information system?
Answer
The LIS can simultaneously transmit or download information to a laboratory instrument and the instrument can transmit data to the LIS
22
Question
What is the energy in Joules of an X-ray photon with wavelength 2.70 angstroms?
Answer
\(7.36 \times 10^{-16}\) J
23
Question
What is the percent transmittance of a solution with absorbance 0.375?
Answer
42.0%
24
Question
What is the molar concentration given absorptivity \(2.17 \times 10^{3}\) L cm^{-1} mol^{-1}, %T 10.0, and path length 1.0 cm?
Answer
\(4.61 \times 10^{-4}\) M
25
Question
What is the concentration in mg/dL for unknown absorbance 0.200, standard absorbance 0.100, and standard 50 mg/dL?
Answer
100.0 mg/dL
26
Question
What are the three significant steps in anodic stripping voltammetry in order?
Answer
Reduction and deposition of lead onto an electrode, resting step, stripping lead off the electrode
27
Question
What shape is the line when plotting absorbance of known concentrations against concentration?
Answer
A straight line (linear)
28
Question
What methods proportion bulk reagents into automated chemistry analyzers?
Answer
Syringes or volumetric overflow devices
29
Question
What defines total laboratory automation?
Answer
A combination of several instruments, consolidated instruments, and a work cell coupled to a specimen-management and transportation system plus process-control software to automate a large percentage of laboratory work
30
Question
How does a work cell differ from a workstation in laboratory automation?
Answer
A work cell incorporates more than one type of testing platform, providing a broad spectrum of analytical tests