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Inorganic Chemistry Principles and Structural Trends
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Inorganic Chemistry Principles and Structural Trends
Inorganic Chemistry Principles and Structural Trends
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1
Question
What type of cleavage occurs in B2h6 compounds leading to symmetrical bond breaking?
Page 1
Answer
Homolytic or symmetrical cleavage.
2
Question
Which amines cause heterolytic cleavage of B2h6, and what is the product with NH3?
Page 1
Answer
NH3, RNH2, R2NH; with NH3 forms [BH2NH3]^{2+} [BH4]^- or B2X6 · 2NH3.
3
Question
Why do compounds like B2Cl6, B2Br6, B2I6 not exist while Al2Cl6, Al2Br6, Al2I6 do?
Page 1
Answer
Due to steric crowding in boron compounds.
4
Question
What product forms when B2h6 reacts with NH3 at 50 to 60 degrees Celsius?
Page 1
Answer
B2X6 · 2NH3.
5
Question
How does heating B2h6 · 2NH3 to 100-200 degrees Celsius affect it?
Page 1
Answer
Forms inorganic benzene B3N3H6 plus hydrogen gas.
6
Question
What structure results from heating B2h6 · 2NH3 above 1000 degrees Celsius?
Page 1
Answer
Organic graphite BN plus hydrogen gas.
7
Question
Why is borazon formed only above 3000 degrees Celsius from B2h6 · 2NH3?
Page 1
Answer
It is a diamond-like structure of BN requiring extreme temperatures.
8
Question
What is the order of pi bond forming tendency among p-block elements Si, P, S, Cl?
Page 1
Answer
Silicon less than phosphorus less than sulfur less than chlorine.
9
Question
Why does polymer forming tendency follow Si > P > S > Cl?
Page 1
Answer
Silicon's ability to form extended chains via catenation decreases down the group.
10
Question
List the six kinds of silicates in order and their shared oxygen per tetrahedron (X).
Page 1
Answer
Ortho/nesosilicate (0), pyro/sorosilicate (1), cyclic (2), single chain pyroxene (2), double chain amphibole (2.5), sheet phyllosilicates (3), 3D tectosilicates (4).
11
Question
What is the general formula for silicates based on shared oxygens X?
Page 1
Answer
SiO_{4 - X/2}^{-4+x}.
12
Question
How does X value determine silicate structure, and why is double chain 2.5?
Page 1
Answer
X is number of shared O per tetrahedron; double chain amphibole averages 2.5 due to half-tetrahedra sharing three.
13
Question
What impurity in emerald gives it green color, and in what silicate form?
Page 1
Answer
1-3% Cr^{3+} impurities in hexagonal voids of silicates.
14
Question
What causes ruby's color, and emeralds color
Page 1
Answer
Cr^{3+} silicate in emerald and cr+3 aluminate, in ruby .
15
Question
What are the six limitations of Valence Bond Theory (VBT) listed?
Page 1
Answer
Color, ionization energy, bond order, bonding in NO/OF/N+, magnetic behavior, synergic bonding.
16
Question
What is the formula for bond order in Molecular Orbital Theory?
Page 1
Answer
\( \text{Bond order} = \frac{nb - na}{2} \), where nb bonding electrons, na antibonding.
17
Question
How is total bond order calculated from sigma and pi components in MOT?
Page 1
Answer
Bond order σ + bond order π, where BO_σ = (σ - σ*)/2, BO_π = (π - π*)/2.
18
Question
What is the MO energy order for molecules with proton number greater than 15?
Page 1
Answer
\( \sigma_{2p_x} < \pi_{2p_y} = \pi_{2p_z} < \pi^*_{2p_y} = \pi^*_{2p_z} < \sigma^*_{2p_x} \).
19
Question
Why does MO order differ for proton number less than 15 compared to greater than 15?
Page 1
Answer
For Z<15: \( \pi_{2p_y} = \pi_{2p_z} < \sigma_{2p_x} < \pi^* < \sigma^*_{2p_x} \), due to less s-p mixing.
20
Question
How does bond order relate to bond length, strength, dissociation energy, and stability?
Page 1
Answer
Bond order inversely proportional to bond length, directly proportional to bond strength, bond dissociation energy, and stability.
21
Question
What is the ionization energy order among bonding MO, atomic orbital, and antibonding MO?
Page 1
Answer
Bonding MO > atomic orbital > antibonding MO.
22
Question
How many atomic nodal planes do s, p, and d orbitals have?
Page 1
Answer
s: 0, p: 1, d: 2.
23
Question
What are the colors of halogens F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, and why do they have color?
Page 1
Answer
F2 pale yellow, Cl2 greenish yellow, Br2 reddish brown, I2 violet; due to HOMO-LUMO transition.
24
Question
What defines gerade and ungerade molecular orbitals in terms of nodal planes?
Page 1
Answer
Gerade: even number of molecular nodal planes; ungerade: odd number.
25
Question
Why is the HOMO-LUMO energy gap maximum in N2 among second period diatomic molecules?
Page 1
Answer
Electron transfer from bonding to antibonding HOMO-LUMO transition requires highest energy.
26
Question
What is the character of HOMO in CO molecule, and bond orders of CO and CO+?
Page 1
Answer
Non-bonding with slight antibonding character; BO CO=3, CO+ ≈3.5; D_CO > D_CO+.
27
Question
Which lower oxidation states are more stable due to inert pair effect: Tl+, Pb2+, Bi3+ vs higher?
Page 2
Answer
Tl+1, Pb+2, Bi+3 more stable than Hg+2, Tl+3, Pb+4, Bi+5.
28
Question
How does TlI3 exist despite inert pair favoring Tl+?
Page 2
Answer
As Tl+I- + I2 + I-, or Tl+ [I3]-.
29
Question
What happens when PbI4, PbBr4, PbCl4 are heated or warmed?
Page 2
Answer
PbI4 → PbI2 + I2 spontaneously; PbBr4 → PbBr2 + Br2 slight warm; PbCl4 → PbCl2 + Cl2 heated; PbF4 stable.
30
Question
What is the order of reducing power for halide ions F- to I-?
Page 2
Answer
F- < Cl- < Br- < I-.