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Baroque and Enlightenment Musical Evolution
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Baroque and Enlightenment Musical Evolution
Baroque and Enlightenment Musical Evolution
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1
Question
What dominated the cultural landscape of 18th century France unlike Italy and German-speaking regions?
Page 1
Answer
Paris as its capital and largest city by far
2
Question
What replaced Versailles as the musical center toward the end of Louis XIV's reign?
Page 1
Answer
Paris, with town houses or country chateaus substituting for the centralized court
3
Question
What eroded the absolute patronage of the French king in the 18th century?
Page 1
Answer
Emergence of private patronage by wealthy merchants and concertgoers
4
Question
Name the four main categories of employment for musicians in late Baroque France.
Page 1
Answer
Churches (primarily Catholic), monarchy, private patronage, public concerts and theater
5
Question
What unique feature characterized the Concert Spirituel in Paris?
Page 1
Answer
Public concert series held in the Tuileries Palace
6
Question
How did the Ballard family capitalize on Lully's works in 18th century publishing?
Page 2
Answer
Held monopoly as sole publisher of the king's music and won copyright dispute against Lully's heirs
7
Question
Who were key competitors to the Ballard family in 18th century music publishing?
Page 2
Answer
Foucault trading manuscript scores and Etienne Roger distributing pirated scores from Amsterdam
8
Question
What visual art characteristics defined the Rococo style later adapted in music?
Page 2
Answer
Playful curves, sense of awe, stucco, pastel colors, asymmetry, nature themes
9
Question
How did François Couperin serve Louis XIV and contribute to musical dynasties?
Page 2
Answer
Organist for Louis XIV; part of dynasty serving at St. Gervais for 173 years
10
Question
What Baroque practices did Couperin's 'The Art of Playing the Harpsichord' document?
Page 2
Answer
Agréments (melodic ornaments), notes inégales (swung rhythm), double-dotting (exaggerated dotted rhythms)
11
Question
What goal did Couperin's Les Goûts-réunis pursue through his suites?
Page 2
Answer
Combine French (Lully) and Italian (Corelli) styles for amateur home entertainment
12
Question
What key concepts did Rameau's 'Treatise of Harmony' define for 18th century theory?
Page 2
Answer
Fundamental bass (imaginary line from chord roots), inversion (chords retain identity when inverted)
13
Question
Why was Venice called the Silicon Valley of 17th century opera?
Page 3
Answer
Built many famous opera houses from mid-1600s onward for new opera technology
14
Question
What nickname did Antonio Vivaldi earn and why?
Page 3
Answer
Red Priest due to being a ginger
15
Question
What were Venice's Ospedali and Vivaldi's role there?
Page 3
Answer
Orphanage conservatories sheltering orphaned girls; Vivaldi mentor and maestro
16
Question
How did Anna Maria della Pietà advance at the Ospedale?
Page 4
Answer
Admitted ca. 1706, violin purchased 1712, tutor by 25, maestra di coro and violin by 1757
17
Question
What form did Vivaldi's L’Estro Armonico introduce around 1711?
Page 4
Answer
Ritornello form alternating soloist and orchestra with returning tutti theme
18
Question
How did leading 18th century German composers differ from inventors of new forms?
Page 4
Answer
Synthesized elements from other nations with their national style
19
Question
Compare J.S. Bach and G.F. Handel's birth years and nationalities.
Page 5
Answer
Both born 1685 in Germany; Handel became British
20
Question
What were primary career differences between Bach and Handel?
Page 5
Answer
Bach: church musician and court composer; Handel: opera/oratorio composer and entrepreneur
21
Question
How did Bach's family life differ from Handel's?
Page 5
Answer
Bach married twice with 20 children and modest income; Handel never married, wealthy later
22
Question
What post-death reputations distinguished Bach from Handel?
Page 5
Answer
Bach largely forgotten until 19th century revival; Handel remained famous especially in England
23
Question
Outline key positions in J.S. Bach's career from earliest to final.
Page 5
Answer
Church organist, court musician for Duke of Weimar, Kapellmeister at Anhalt-Cöthen, Cantor at Thomas School Leipzig
24
Question
What Italian influence did Bach encounter at Weimar?
Page 5
Answer
Vivaldi's concertos through scores
25
Question
What was Bach known for during his lifetime besides composition?
Page 6
Answer
Renowned organist and organ expert, composer of church and keyboard music
26
Question
Describe the structure of Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier.
Page 6
Answer
Two books (1722, c.1740) with prelude-fugue pairs in all 24 major and minor keys
27
Question
What distinguishes well-tempered from equal temperament in Bach's context?
Page 6
Answer
Category designed by Werckmeister allowing all keys without wolf intervals, compromise between meantone and equal
28
Question
What is the central element and key feature of a fugue?
Page 6
Answer
Polyphonic work on central theme (subject) using imitative counterpoint
29
Question
Name the four contrapuntal devices altering the fugue subject.
Page 6
Answer
Augmentation (stretch rhythm), diminution (squish rhythm), retrograde (backwards), inversion (intervals upside down)
30
Question
Why did Bach write cantatas during his Leipzig employment?
Page 7
Answer
One for every Sunday and major holiday, e.g., 58 yearly required by church