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Foundations of Public Health
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Foundations of Public Health
Foundations of Public Health
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1
Question
What does the World Health Organization define as health?
Page 1
Answer
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely absence of disease.
2
Question
What is C.E.A. Winslow's definition of public health?
Page 1
Answer
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through organized community effort including sanitation, control of infection, health education, social policies, and organized medical services.
3
Question
How does the Institute of Medicine define public health?
Page 1
Answer
What we as a society do collectively to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy.
4
Question
What is the mission of public health according to the study guide?
Page 1
Answer
Protect and improve population health through prevention, promotion, and protection, not just treatment.
5
Question
How does the U.S. healthcare system primarily function?
Page 1
Answer
Primarily diagnoses and treats individuals through hospitals, clinics, and physicians.
6
Question
What are the main activities of the public health system?
Page 1
Answer
Prevents disease and injury and protects populations through health departments, surveillance, policy, environmental protections, and community programs.
7
Question
How do the U.S. healthcare and public health systems differ in focus?
Page 1
Answer
Healthcare focuses on diagnosing and treating individuals, while public health focuses on preventing disease and protecting populations.
8
Question
What authority does the state hold in public health power structures?
Page 2
Answer
Main authority through police powers to protect health including quarantine, sanitation codes, and licensing.
9
Question
What role does the federal government play in public health?
Page 2
Answer
Influences through funding, regulation, interstate commerce powers, and national agencies like CDC, FDA, NIH, CMS.
10
Question
What are the responsibilities of local public health agencies?
Page 2
Answer
Implements and enforces through inspections, vaccination clinics, and local outbreak response.
11
Question
What are the three essential services under the public health assessment core function?
Page 2
Answer
Monitor health status, diagnose and investigate, evaluate effectiveness quality and access.
12
Question
What essential services comprise the public health policy development core function?
Page 2
Answer
Inform educate and empower, mobilize partnerships, develop policies and plans.
13
Question
What are the essential services in the public health assurance core function?
Page 2
Answer
Enforce laws, link to needed services, assure competent workforce, evaluate and improve services, research and innovation.
14
Question
What did John Snow accomplish in his cholera investigation in London?
Page 2
Answer
Mapped cholera cases, identified clustering around Broad Street pump, proposed contaminated water source, and removing pump handle helped stop outbreak.
15
Question
Why is John Snow considered the Father of Epidemiology?
Page 3
Answer
Used data mapping to identify cholera cause at Broad Street pump, demonstrating data-driven cause identification.
16
Question
What characterizes primary prevention in public health?
Page 3
Answer
Prevents onset of disease or injury with examples like vaccines, clean water, tobacco taxes, seatbelts.
17
Question
What defines secondary prevention in public health?
Page 3
Answer
Early detection through screening like mammograms, blood pressure screening, HIV testing.
18
Question
What is the goal of tertiary prevention in public health?
Page 3
Answer
Reduce complications and disability such as stroke rehab and diabetes complication management.
19
Question
How do the three levels of prevention in public health differ?
Page 3
Answer
Primary prevents onset, secondary detects early, tertiary reduces complications.
20
Question
What does the upstream approach in public health emphasize?
Page 3
Answer
Targets root causes and systems like policy, housing, education, food access, environment instead of only individual choices to make healthy outcomes more likely.
21
Question
What is market justice in the context of health outcomes?
Page 4
Answer
Health outcomes and services distributed by individual responsibility and marketplace forces, where access depends on ability to pay.
22
Question
How is social justice defined regarding health opportunities?
Page 4
Answer
Everyone deserves equal opportunity for health, and society should reduce inequities, examples include clean water laws, free vaccines, workplace safety rules.
23
Question
What characterizes libertarian views on freedom restrictions for public health?
Page 4
Answer
Restrict freedom mainly to prevent harm to others, example smoke-free indoor air laws.
24
Question
What does paternalism mean in public health policy?
Page 4
Answer
Restrict freedom to protect a person’s health and safety even from self-harm, examples seatbelt and helmet laws.
25
Question
How does market justice differ from social justice in health distribution?
Page 4
Answer
Market justice bases distribution on individual ability to pay and market forces, while social justice seeks equal opportunity and reduces inequities through societal interventions.
26
Question
What are common challenges and resistance to public health efforts?
Page 4
Answer
Economic impact on businesses, individual liberty concerns, moral religious opposition, political interference with science, misinformation distrust, uneven funding enforcement.
27
Question
What is the tragedy of the commons in public health contexts?
Page 4
Answer
Overuse or pollution of shared resources because individuals prioritize self-interest over population benefit, examples air pollution, overfishing, water contamination, climate emissions.
28
Question
What shift occurred in leading causes of death in the U.S. from 1900 to 2017?
Page 5
Answer
From infectious diseases like TB, pneumonia influenza, diarrheal disease to chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer, stroke and injuries due to sanitation, vaccines, antibiotics, safer food water, behavior environment changes.
29
Question
What are leading actual causes of death distinct from medical diagnoses?
Page 5
Answer
Underlying modifiable contributors like behaviors and exposures driving deaths such as tobacco use, poor diet, physical inactivity, alcohol, drugs, motor vehicle risks, firearms, preventable exposures.
30
Question
What utility does behavioral theory provide in public health?
Page 5
Answer
Explains why people do or do not change behavior and helps design effective interventions targeting beliefs, barriers, motivation, skills, self-efficacy, social norms, environment.