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Social Psychology Essentials
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Social Psychology Essentials
Exam 2 Slides
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1
Question
What are attributions in social thinking?
Page 3
Answer
Explanations for a person's behaviors, either our own or others', emphasizing person factors versus context or situation.
2
Question
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Page 3
Answer
Tendency to overemphasize personal factors and downplay context when observing others' behavior; we reverse this tendency for ourselves.
3
Question
How does the fundamental attribution error apply differently to self versus others?
Page 3
Answer
For others, we overemphasize person factors and underemphasize situation; for ourselves, we emphasize situational factors more.
4
Question
What is an attitude according to the notes?
Page 4
Answer
A viewpoint or feelings and beliefs about something that influences behaviors, and vice versa, with explicit and implicit forms.
5
Question
What characterizes peripheral route persuasion?
Page 4
Answer
No systematic thinking involved; emphasizes elements outside the main content, such as in marketing.
6
Question
What defines central route persuasion?
Page 4
Answer
Offers evidence and logic, emphasizing the actual message content for attitude change.
7
Question
How can behavior influence attitudes according to examples given?
Page 6
Answer
Examples include smiling leading to feeling happy, foot-in-the-door technique, role-playing, and cognitive dissonance.
8
Question
What is the foot-in-the-door technique?
Page 6
Answer
Agreeing to a small request first, then being asked for a bigger request, changing attitudes through behavior.
9
Question
What example illustrates role-playing changing attitudes?
Page 6
Answer
Zimbardo Prison Study, where taking on roles changes individuals.
10
Question
What is cognitive dissonance?
Page 6
Answer
Dislike of inconsistency between thoughts, beliefs, and actions, such as being pro-environment but eating meat.
11
Question
What is social influence defined as?
Page 8
Answer
Behavior affected by others.
12
Question
Which three classic experiments illustrate social influence?
Page 8
Answer
Asch’s Conformity Experiment, Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Experiment, Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment.
13
Question
What is conformity in Asch’s experiment?
Page 9
Answer
Behavior change due to desire to follow others.
14
Question
What were the key results of Asch’s conformity experiment?
Page 10
Answer
In 1/3 of trials, participants conformed to the false majority; 75% conformed at least once.
15
Question
What is obedience in the context of Milgram’s study?
Page 12
Answer
Following direct orders from authority.
16
Question
What were key findings in Milgram’s obedience experiment?
Page 12
Answer
No one stopped before 300 volts when learner kicked wall; 65% gave maximum shock.
17
Question
What are social roles according to Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment?
Page 13
Answer
Set of expectations that go with a position; guards became mean, prisoners defiant, passive, or broke down.
18
Question
What is social facilitation?
Page 14
Answer
Presence of others enhances performance, primarily on well-learned tasks.
19
Question
What is social loafing?
Page 14
Answer
Tendency to work less hard in a group than individually.
20
Question
What is deindividuation?
Page 14
Answer
Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group or mob situations, often due to anonymity.
21
Question
How does group polarization occur?
Page 14
Answer
In like-minded groups, discussion moves the group to more extreme positions.
22
Question
What is groupthink?
Page 14
Answer
Making decisions where desire for harmony overrides realistic assessment.
23
Question
What are stereotypes?
Page 3
Answer
Overgeneralized person schemas or beliefs about people.
24
Question
What is the self-fulfilling prophecy related to stereotypes?
Page 3
Answer
Expectations shape behavior, confirming the initial belief.
25
Question
How is prejudice distinguished from discrimination?
Page 4
Answer
Prejudice is a negative attitude; discrimination is negative behavior often based on prejudice.
26
Question
What social roots contribute to prejudice?
Page 5
Answer
Ingroup versus outgroup, with ingroup bias and outgroup homogeneity; fundamental attribution error involved.
27
Question
What is belief in a just world as a cause of prejudice?
Page 5
Answer
Good is rewarded and evil punished, so disadvantaged people deserve their fate.
28
Question
What is a scapegoat in prejudice?
Page 5
Answer
Blaming others for problems to rationalize prejudice.
29
Question
What triggers aggression according to the notes?
Page 6
Answer
Frustration-aggression hypothesis and aversive experiences.
30
Question
What sociocultural influences contribute to aggression?
Page 7
Answer
Learning through reinforcement and observational learning.