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Biology Core Concepts
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Biology Core Concepts
Biology Core Concepts
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1
Question
What is biology described as in the notes?
Page 1
Answer
The science of LIFE
2
Question
What are the two main types of cells that make up living organisms according to the characteristics of life?
Page 1
Answer
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
3
Question
How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in terms of DNA location and organelles?
Page 1
Answer
Eukaryotic: DNA inside a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles; Prokaryotic: DNA in nucleoid, no membrane organelles
4
Question
What are the two main types of reproduction listed as characteristics of life?
Page 1
Answer
Asexual (singular parent) and Sexual (two-parent)
5
Question
Name the seven types of interactions between organisms and their physical environment listed in the notes.
Page 1
Answer
Predation, Competition, Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Amensalism, Neutralism
6
Question
What is the hierarchical levels of organization of life from smallest to largest as listed?
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Answer
Atom > molecule > cell > tissue > organ > body system > organism > population > community > ecosystem > biosphere
7
Question
What is evolution defined as in the context of characteristics of life?
Page 1
Answer
A process in which characteristics of a species change over a period of time; promotes diversity, adaptation, and unity
8
Question
How was spontaneous generation disproved according to the origin of life theories?
Page 1
Answer
Disproved by doing Pasteur’s test
9
Question
What are the first two hypothetical stages of abiogenesis listed?
Page 1
Answer
Biotic synthesis of organic molecules; Joining of small molecules to form polymers
10
Question
What defines protobionts in the context of abiogenesis?
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Answer
Self-assembling biomolecules; simple compounds that become self-sustaining life with replication, metabolism, RNA to DNA
11
Question
What were the components of Earth's second atmosphere according to the theoretical basis of abiogenesis?
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Answer
Water, CO, CO2, N2, NH3, CH4; no O2
12
Question
What is in vitro fertilization (IVF) defined as in the fertility preservation notes?
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Answer
Mixing of oocytes and sperm in cultural dishes; incubated until they formed at least 8 cells before being transferred to a female's uterus
13
Question
What is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) used for in IVF?
Page 2
Answer
IVF but for sperm problems; direct injection of single sperm to achieve fertilization
14
Question
What is preimplantation genetic testing (PGT/PGD)?
Page 2
Answer
Screening embryos for abnormalities before transfer
15
Question
How are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) primarily spread according to BIO 1 LE#2?
Page 2
Answer
Primarily spread through person to person contact
16
Question
What is the only 100% sure way to not get an STI as per the notes?
Page 2
Answer
Not having sex
17
Question
What is the definition of inductive reasoning in the scientific method?
Page 3
Answer
Uses specific instances or observations to form a general, probabilistic conclusion; goal to develop theories and identify patterns; conclusions likely but not guaranteed
18
Question
Provide an example of deductive reasoning from the notes.
Page 3
Answer
'All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal'
19
Question
How does deductive reasoning differ from inductive in terms of certainty?
Page 3
Answer
Deductive: if premises true, conclusion must be true (valid or invalid); Inductive: conclusions likely but not guaranteed (strong or weak)
20
Question
What are the four main characteristics of a cell listed?
Page 4
Answer
Surrounded by a plasma membrane; contains cytosol; contains chromosomes (genes as DNA); contains ribosomes that make proteins using gene instructions
21
Question
What are the subphases of interphase in the eukaryotic cell cycle?
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Answer
G1 (cell grows, functions, prepares DNA copy); Synthesis (DNA replicated, two chromosome sets); G2 (cell grows, prepares division)
22
Question
How does mitosis differ from meiosis in terms of divisions and resulting cells?
Page 4
Answer
Mitosis: 1 division (5 stages), diploid parent to identical diploid daughters; Meiosis: 2 divisions, diploid parent to 4 haploid daughters (half parent)
23
Question
Where does crossing over and synapsis occur in meiosis?
Page 4
Answer
In prophase I for variation
24
Question
What are the four cell cycle checkpoints or regulation points mentioned?
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Answer
G1, G2, S, M
25
Question
What is apoptosis and how are dead cells handled?
Page 5
Answer
Programmed cell death/suicide; dead cells engulfed by scavenger cells (macrophage), process called phagocytosis
26
Question
What distinguishes benign tumors from malignant tumors according to the notes?
Page 5
Answer
Benign: few genetic cellular changes; Malignant: spread throughout other tissues (metastasization)
27
Question
What are the three types of stem cells listed and their potencies?
Page 5
Answer
Embryonic: pluripotent (self-renewal, varied specialization); Adult: multipotent (limited, developed tissues); Induced pluripotent (iPS): reprogrammed adult to pluripotent
28
Question
What is the key difference between asexual and sexual reproduction in terms of parents and energy?
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Answer
Asexual: single parent, inheritance from one, less energy; Sexual: two parents, chromosomal exchange
29
Question
How many chromosomes do human gametes have, and what is the diploid number structure?
Page 6
Answer
Gametes: n=23 (haploid); Humans: 22 pairs autosomes + 1 sex chromosome (diploid 2n)
30
Question
What are the three sources of genetic variation from sexual reproduction listed?
Page 6
Answer
Independent assortment (8.4 M or 2^23 combos), Random Fertilization (70 T or 2^23 * 2 combos), Crossing over