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Foundations of Psychology
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Foundations of Psychology
Foundations of Psychology
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1
Question
What is the definition of psychology according to the notes?
Page 1
Answer
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
2
Question
Who established the first psychological laboratory and in what year?
Page 1
Answer
Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychological lab in Germany in 1879.
3
Question
What milestone did G. Stanley Hall achieve in the United States?
Page 1
Answer
G. Stanley Hall established the first US psychological lab at Johns Hopkins University in 1883.
4
Question
What is the nature versus nurture issue in psychology?
Page 1
Answer
The debate over whether behavior is genetic, stemming from DNA inherited from biological parents, or environmental, stemming from life experiences.
5
Question
What are the applied specializations in psychology?
Page 1
Answer
Clinical, Counseling, Industrial/Organizational, Community, Forensic, Educational.
6
Question
What are the research specializations in psychology?
Page 1
Answer
Developmental, Personality, Physiological, Social, Health, Comparative.
7
Question
How does the scientific approach in psychology differ from relying on common sense or intuition?
Page 1
Answer
Psychologists test any possible answer to determine how legitimate that answer actually is.
8
Question
What factors must be considered when deception is involved in psychological research?
Page 2
Answer
Whether the pros outweigh the cons.
9
Question
What standards must be followed in psychological research ethics?
Page 2
Answer
Standards related to rights of participants, IRB (Institutional Review Board), informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing, deception, and risks versus benefits.
10
Question
Why can some past psychological studies no longer be conducted?
Page 2
Answer
Due to ethical concerns.
11
Question
What is a lab experiment in psychological research?
Page 2
Answer
An experiment conducted in a controlled laboratory setting.
12
Question
What defines a field experiment in psychology?
Page 2
Answer
An experiment conducted in a natural environment.
13
Question
What are the key requirements of an experiment in psychological research?
Page 2
Answer
Random assignment to wash out bias in groups, and two groups: experimental and control.
14
Question
What is archival data in psychological research?
Page 2
Answer
Researching information that other people have already collected.
15
Question
What is a case study in psychology?
Page 2
Answer
In-depth study of an individual person or single unit.
16
Question
What types of observation are used in psychological research?
Page 2
Answer
Non-participant observation and participant observation.
17
Question
What characteristic of experimentation allows isolation of cause and effect?
Page 2
Answer
Manipulation of independent variables.
18
Question
What is the independent variable in psychological experiments?
Page 2
Answer
The variable that is manipulated or changed by the researcher.
19
Question
What is the dependent variable in psychological experiments?
Page 2
Answer
The variable expected to change based on changes in the independent variable.
20
Question
What is the correlation coefficient symbol and its range?
Page 2
Answer
The symbol is r, and it ranges from -1 to +1.
21
Question
How does the strength of a correlation relationship determined?
Page 2
Answer
By the absolute value of the correlation coefficient r.
22
Question
What does a positive correlation coefficient indicate?
Page 2
Answer
A positive relationship where variables go up or down together.
23
Question
What does a negative correlation coefficient indicate?
Page 2
Answer
A negative or inverse relationship.
24
Question
What are neurons according to the notes?
Page 3
Answer
The cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system; specialized nerve cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.
25
Question
What is the function of the soma in a neuron?
Page 3
Answer
The large central region (cell body) that performs basic activities, including production of energy, to keep the neuron functional.
26
Question
What is the role of the axon in a neuron?
Page 3
Answer
Sends electrical signals from action potentials away from the soma; carries information toward other neurons.
27
Question
What do dendrites do in a neuron?
Page 3
Answer
Receive signals from other neurons and carry them to the soma; branches at the end that receive signals.
28
Question
What are axon terminals in a neuron?
Page 3
Answer
Small branches at the end of an axon that form connections with the next neuron.
29
Question
What is the myelin sheath and its function?
Page 3
Answer
A protective sleeve of fatty material that surrounds the axon and speeds transmission.
30
Question
What are glial cells and their relation to myelin?
Page 3
Answer
Cells that support and protect neurons throughout the brain; myelin is one of many substances manufactured by glial cells.