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Cardiovascular Disease Essentials Australia
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Cardiovascular Disease Essentials Australia
Cardiovascular Disease Essentials Australia
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1
Question
What does the term Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) describe?
Page 1
Answer
All conditions and diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
2
Question
Name the three main types of CVD in Australia.
Page 1
Answer
Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Peripheral Vascular Disease.
3
Question
What is another name for Coronary Heart Disease?
Page 1
Answer
Ischaemic heart disease.
4
Question
What is angina in the context of Coronary Heart Disease?
Page 1
Answer
A temporary loss of blood to the heart resulting in chest pain; not life-threatening and treatable with medication.
5
Question
What causes a heart attack according to the notes?
Page 1
Answer
A sudden blockage to the heart’s blood supply, damaging the heart and its function, which can lead to cardiac arrest.
6
Question
Define cardiac arrest as described in the CVD notes.
Page 1
Answer
Unexpected loss of function of the heart.
7
Question
How does stroke occur according to the CVD overview?
Page 1
Answer
When there is a blockage in the vessels that supply blood to the brain.
8
Question
What is Peripheral Vascular Disease?
Page 1
Answer
Occurs when arteries supplying blood to the peripherals (e.g., extremities) are obstructed; severe cases lead to gangrene and amputation.
9
Question
What is the main underlying cause of most CVDs?
Page 1
Answer
Atherosclerosis.
10
Question
Describe atherosclerosis as the key CVD cause.
Page 1
Answer
Build-up of fatty and fibre-like deposits on the inside walls of the arteries, resulting in harder and less elastic walls (arteriosclerosis).
11
Question
How does plaque thickening in atherosclerosis affect blood vessels?
Page 1
Answer
Decreases the diameter of the blood vessel, increasing blood pressure.
12
Question
What factors contribute to atherosclerosis buildup?
Page 1
Answer
Occurs progressively over several years due to lifestyle choices and/or genetics.
13
Question
Why are atherosclerotic buildups most dangerous in certain arteries?
Page 1
Answer
Most dangerous when occurring in arteries supplying blood to the heart or brain.
14
Question
According to the graph on page 2, how have acute coronary events trended from 2001 to 2022?
Page 2
Answer
Declined in both men and women, with men consistently higher than women.
15
Question
What was the number and proportion of deaths due to CVD in Australia in 2022?
Page 2
Answer
45,000 deaths, which was 24% of all deaths.
16
Question
What was the age-standardised CVD death rate in Australia in 2022?
Page 2
Answer
173 per 100,000 population.
17
Question
What rank did CVD hold as a cause of death group in 2022?
Page 2
Answer
Second leading cause behind cancer.
18
Question
What were the proportions of CVD deaths by type in 2022?
Page 2
Answer
CHD 41%, Stroke 19%, Heart Failure and Cardiomyopathy 11%.
19
Question
How many years of healthy life were lost due to CVD in Australia in 2024?
Page 2
Answer
An estimated 685,000 years (25.5 DALY per 1,000 population).
20
Question
What percentage of total burden of disease did CVD account for in recent data?
Page 2
Answer
Almost 12%, ranking 4th.
21
Question
What was the prevalence of CVD conditions among adult Australians in 2022-23?
Page 2
Answer
Approximately 6.7% (1.3 million adults) living with one or more conditions related to CVD.
22
Question
How many Australians had coronary heart disease prevalence in recent data?
Page 3
Answer
600,000 (3% of adults).
23
Question
What was the lifetime stroke prevalence in Australia in 2022?
Page 3
Answer
An estimated 425,000 Australians (1.7% of the population), higher in males (1.4%) than females (1.2%).
24
Question
How does CVD prevalence differ by sex in Australia?
Page 3
Answer
More common in men (7.6%) compared to women (5.8%).
25
Question
What is the CVD prevalence among adults over 75 in Australia?
Page 3
Answer
1 in 4 (28%).
26
Question
What was the incidence of acute coronary events in Australia in 2023?
Page 3
Answer
57,100 events (heart attack and unstable angina) among people aged 25 and over, equivalent to 156 events every day.
27
Question
What was the number of stroke events in Australia in 2023?
Page 3
Answer
An estimated 41,100 stroke events.
28
Question
How does smoking contribute to CVD risk?
Page 3
Answer
Causes damage to blood vessels as smoke is absorbed into the bloodstream, increases clot and plaque formation, and decreases oxygen levels in the blood.
29
Question
What is the relationship between high blood pressure and acute coronary event risk?
Page 4
Answer
The risk of an acute coronary event is directly related to blood pressure.
30
Question
How do abnormal blood lipids contribute to CVD?
Page 4
Answer
High cholesterol or triglycerides increase the likelihood of atherosclerosis.