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Enlightenment Political Thinkers
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Enlightenment Political Thinkers
Enlightenment Political Thinkers
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1
Question
When and where was Thomas Hobbes born?
Page 1
Answer
In 1588 in Westport, England.
2
Question
What historical period deeply shaped Thomas Hobbes's thinking?
Page 1
Answer
A period of political instability, including the English Civil War.
3
Question
How did Thomas Hobbes view human nature without authority?
Page 1
Answer
Humans are naturally self-interested and violent.
4
Question
What is the title and publication year of Thomas Hobbes's most famous work?
Page 1
Answer
Leviathan (1651).
5
Question
How did Hobbes describe life in the state of nature?
Page 1
Answer
Solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
6
Question
What did Hobbes propose to escape the chaos of the state of nature?
Page 1
Answer
People willingly give up some freedoms to a powerful ruler through a social contract.
7
Question
What form of government did Hobbes support for maintaining order?
Page 1
Answer
Absolute monarchy.
8
Question
How did Hobbes ground political authority differently from divine-right monarchy?
Page 1
Answer
In human agreement through social contract rather than God’s will.
9
Question
According to Hobbes's excerpt, what equality leads to competition among men?
Page 1
Answer
Equality of ability in body and mind, leading to equality of hope for goals.
10
Question
In Hobbes's view, what condition results from competition without a common power?
Page 1
Answer
War.
11
Question
What are key consequences of war according to Hobbes's Leviathan excerpt?
Page 1
Answer
No place for business or prosperity; culture and knowledge lost; no arts, letters, or society; continual fear and danger of violent death.
12
Question
How must men escape the condition of war per Hobbes?
Page 1
Answer
By giving up their freedom to the State.
13
Question
Why does Hobbes argue the State's power must be absolute?
Page 1
Answer
To keep men in awe and bind them by fear of punishment to their covenants.
14
Question
When and where was John Locke born?
Page 2
Answer
In 1632 in Wrington, England.
15
Question
What events shaped John Locke's belief in limited government?
Page 2
Answer
The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution.
16
Question
What metaphor did Locke use for human nature at birth?
Page 2
Answer
Tabula rasa, or blank slate.
17
Question
What are John Locke's three natural rights?
Page 2
Answer
Life, liberty, and property.
18
Question
What is the source of government authority according to Locke?
Page 2
Answer
Consent of the governed.
19
Question
Under what condition do people have the right to overthrow government per Locke?
Page 2
Answer
If the government fails to protect natural rights.
20
Question
What work of Locke's publication year argued for limited government?
Page 2
Answer
Two Treatises of Government (1689).
21
Question
How did Locke's ideas influence North American colonies?
Page 2
Answer
Strongly influenced constitutional governments.
22
Question
In Locke's excerpt, what is the state of nature for all men?
Page 2
Answer
Perfect freedom, equal and independent.
23
Question
What natural law governs Locke's state of nature?
Page 2
Answer
No one should harm another's life, liberty, or property.
24
Question
Why do men consent to join a community according to Locke?
Page 2
Answer
For comfortable, peaceful living and greater security against those harming rights.
25
Question
What happens if government destroys natural rights per Locke's excerpt?
Page 2
Answer
It puts itself in a state of war with the people, releasing them from obedience.
26
Question
When and where was Charles de Montesquieu born?
Page 3
Answer
In 1689 near Bordeaux, France, into a noble family.
27
Question
What role gave Montesquieu experience with legal systems?
Page 3
Answer
Magistrate in the Parlement of Bordeaux.
28
Question
What is Montesquieu's most famous work and year?
Page 3
Answer
The Spirit of the Laws (1748).
29
Question
What did Montesquieu argue preserves political liberty?
Page 3
Answer
Separation of powers among executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
30
Question
Why did Montesquieu believe concentrating power leads to tyranny?
Page 3
Answer
Inevitably leads to tyranny.