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Cell Structure and Protein Synthesis
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Cell Structure and Protein Synthesis
Cell Structure and Protein Synthesis
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1
Question
What is the primary structure of the cell membrane?
Answer
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it.
2
Question
What are the two main components visible in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane?
Answer
Phosphate molecules and lipids.
3
Question
What type of proteins are embedded in the cell membrane to allow passage of certain molecules?
Answer
Channel proteins.
4
Question
What happens to the cell if the cell membrane ruptures or breaks?
Answer
All the fluid and contents leave, and the cell dies.
5
Question
What is the term for the fluid inside the cell?
Answer
Cytoplasm, where cyto means cell and plasm means fluid.
6
Question
What does synthesis mean in the context of protein production?
Answer
Taking multiple things like amino acids and putting them together to form a new protein.
7
Question
How many nuclei do most cells have, and what surrounds it?
Answer
Most cells have one nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope.
8
Question
What form does the cell's DNA take most of the time inside the nucleus?
Answer
Chromatin, which are long curvy strands of DNA.
9
Question
When does chromatin form into chromosomes?
Answer
Only when the cell divides.
10
Question
What process converts DNA into mRNA in the nucleus?
Answer
Transcription, which makes an almost exact copy of a section of DNA.
11
Question
What does each mRNA molecule code for?
Answer
Instructions for one protein molecule.
12
Question
Where are ribosomes located and what do they do with mRNA?
Answer
Ribosomes are small and spread throughout the cell; they read mRNA instructions to build proteins.
13
Question
In the Lego metaphor for protein synthesis, what does mRNA represent?
Answer
The instruction booklet telling which bricks to combine in which order.
14
Question
In the Lego metaphor, what is the ribosome compared to?
Answer
The builder that assembles the protein using the instructions.
15
Question
What are the individual building blocks added by the ribosome during protein synthesis?
Answer
Amino acids, each corresponding to every three nucleotides on the mRNA.
16
Question
What is the state of a protein immediately after leaving the ribosome?
Answer
A long strand or chain of amino acids.
17
Question
Where is the nucleolus located and what is its function?
Answer
The nucleolus is in the nucleus and makes ribosomes.
18
Question
Why does rough endoplasmic reticulum appear rough under a microscope?
Answer
It is dotted with ribosomes throughout.
19
Question
What is one modification the rough ER performs on proteins?
Answer
Initial folding of the protein into its 3D structure.
20
Question
How does the rough ER handle incorrectly formed proteins?
Answer
It performs quality control and destroys defective proteins.
21
Question
What does glycosylation mean in the rough ER?
Answer
Adding a sugar (glucose) to the protein.
22
Question
What is destination tagging in the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Answer
Tagging the protein to indicate where it needs to go in the cell.
23
Question
What are the two sides of the Golgi apparatus?
Answer
Cis side and trans side.
24
Question
What are the main functions of the Golgi apparatus in protein processing?
Answer
Further modifications and packaging into vesicles for transport.
25
Question
What process sends proteins outside the cell via vesicles?
Answer
Exocytosis, where the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane.
26
Question
What is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Answer
Synthesizing lipids and carbohydrates.
27
Question
How does the smooth ER use proteins in its function?
Answer
It receives enzymes, which are proteins, to facilitate synthesis of lipids and carbs.
28
Question
How does the overall protein synthesis pathway connect back to DNA?
Answer
DNA instructions influence protein production, which in turn affects lipid and carb synthesis via enzymes.
29
Question
What is the nickname for mitochondria and their main role?
Answer
Powerhouse of the cell; they produce ATP.
30
Question
What overall reaction occurs in mitochondria during cellular respiration?
Answer
Sugar plus oxygen converts to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.