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Development Through the Lifespan
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Development Through the Lifespan
Development Through the Lifespan
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1
Question
What are the sequential stages of prenatal physical development?
Page 1
Answer
Conception → Zygote (fertilized egg) → Embryo (human form) → Fetus
2
Question
What causes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
Page 1
Answer
Prenatal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy (alcohol is a teratogen).
3
Question
What is maturation in the context of cognitive child development?
Page 1
Answer
Biologically programmed growth of cognitive/social skills
4
Question
What are examples of fine motor skills in child development?
Page 1
Answer
Grabbing and touching
5
Question
What are examples of gross motor skills in child development?
Page 1
Answer
Walking
6
Question
What is a sensitive period in child development?
Page 1
Answer
A time when certain experiences have an especially strong influence and learning is easiest for developing children, it can be learnt later but becomes increasingly difficult
7
Question
What is a critical period in child development, and what is an example?
Page 1
Answer
A limited window when a specific experience is necessary for normal development; e.g., early language exposure (as illustrated by Genie, the isolated child).
8
Question
How many stages are in Piaget's cognitive development theory, and key feature?
Page 1
Answer
Four stages, progressing from one to the next in order
9
Question
What characterizes Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
Page 1
Answer
Infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions; they develop object permanence.
10
Question
What are key features of Piaget's preoperational stage?
Page 1
Answer
Symbolic thinking and language (grammar skills) increase; thinking is egocentric; lacks conservation; theory of mind develops.
11
Question
What is the theory of the mind according to the notes?
Page 1
Answer
Ability to understand that other people have their own thoughts, beliefs, and emotions which may differ from your own; central to social interaction and empathy
12
Question
What characterizes Piaget's concrete operational stage?
Page 1
Answer
Logical thinking about concrete events; includes conservation, reversibility, classification, and seriation.
13
Question
What characterizes Piaget's formal operational stage?
Page 1
Answer
Hypothetical thinking; metacognition (thinking about thinking)
14
Question
According to Vygotsky, how does learning occur?
Page 1
Answer
Through social interaction and culture, with guidance/scaffolding from more skilled others (especially within the zone of proximal development).
15
Question
What are the three parts of Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development?
Page 1
Answer
What children know; what child can do with help (zone); what children don't know how to do
16
Question
What did Harlow's monkey experiments demonstrate about attachment?
Page 2
Answer
Infant monkeys preferred contact comfort (a soft cloth surrogate) over a wire surrogate that provided food, showing comfort/security is central to attachment.
17
Question
In Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial crisis for infants 0-18 months, and virtue developed?
Page 2
Answer
Trust vs Mistrust; Hope
18
Question
In Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial crisis for 18 months-3 years, and virtue developed?
Page 2
Answer
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt; Will
19
Question
In Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial crisis for 3-5 years, and virtue developed?
Page 2
Answer
Initiative vs Guilt; Purpose
20
Question
In Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial crisis for 5-13 years, and virtue developed?
Page 2
Answer
Industry vs Inferiority; Competency
21
Question
In Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial crisis for 13-21 years, and virtue developed?
Page 2
Answer
Identity vs Confusion; Fidelity
22
Question
In Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial crisis for 21-39 years, and virtue developed?
Page 2
Answer
Intimacy vs Isolation; Love
23
Question
In Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial crisis for 40-65 years, and virtue developed?
Page 2
Answer
Generativity vs Stagnation; Care
24
Question
In Erikson's stages, what is the psychosocial crisis for 65 and older, and virtue developed?
Page 2
Answer
Integrity vs Despair; Wisdom
25
Question
What is the attachment style: secure?
Answer
A child trusts their caregiver, feels safe, and uses them as a base for exploration, showing distress when they leave but being easily comforted upon their return. A parent shows Responsive, sensitive, and consistent care.
26
Question
What is the attachment style: insecure?
Answer
The child seems indifferent to the caregiver, doesn't prefer them over strangers, and avoids them during reunion, showing little emotion. A parent is Emotionally distant, dismissive, and unresponsive to the child's needs.
27
Question
What is the attachment style: Avoidant - Dismissive?
Answer
prioritizes extreme independence, viewing intimacy as threatening, maintaining consistently low emotional needs and high self-reliance (high self/low other view)
28
Question
What is the attachment style: Avoidant - fearful?
Answer
craves closeness but fears it, oscillating between intense desire and panic, leading to erratic push-pull behavior (low self/low other view), driven by a core wound of betrayal and a mix of high anxiety and high avoidance.
29
Question
Authoritative Parenting
Answer
High warmth and high demandingness; nurturing, responsive, sets clear boundaries, explains rules, encourages independence.
30
Question
Authoritarian Parenting
Answer
Low warmth and high demandingness; strict, punitive, expects obedience without explanation, "Because I said so".