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CNS Stimulants and Nootropics
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1
Question
What are the two primary molecular mechanisms of action of methylxanthines described in the text?
Page 89
Answer
1) Blockade of adenosine receptors. 2) Inhibition of phosphodiesterase leading to increased intracellular cAMP.
2
Question
How does blockade of adenosine receptors by methylxanthines affect the central nervous system?
Page 89
Answer
Blockade of adenosine receptors produces increased mental alertness by stimulating cortical activity.
3
Question
What is the consequence of phosphodiesterase inhibition by methylxanthines on intracellular signalling?
Page 89
Answer
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase raises intracellular cAMP concentrations, enhancing downstream cAMP-dependent signalling.
4
Question
List three central nervous system effects of caffeine mentioned in the material.
Page 89
Answer
1) Increased mental alertness via cortical stimulation. 2) Stimulation of respiratory and vasomotor centers in the brainstem. 3) Constriction of cerebral blood vessels (used in migraine).
5
Question
Why are methylxanthines like caffeine used in migraine according to the text?
Page 89
Answer
Because they constrict cerebral blood vessels, which is therapeutically useful in migraine.
6
Question
What dosage form and typical ampoule volume is given for Coffeinum-Natrio Benzoicum in the slide?
Page 89
Answer
Ampoule form, 0.2–1 ml per ampoule.
7
Question
Which brain centres are stimulated by caffeine to affect respiration and circulation?
Page 89
Answer
The respiratory and vasomotor centres in the brainstem are stimulated by caffeine.
8
Question
Name three methylxanthines of clinical or natural importance referenced in adjacent slides/syllabus context.
Page 89
Answer
Caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine.
9
Question
Summarize the primary therapeutic application of theophylline stated in the material.
Page 90
Answer
Theophylline is primarily used as a bronchodilator.
10
Question
Which renal and electrolyte effects of methylxanthines are listed in the slide?
Page 90
Answer
They increase diuresis, increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and increase Na+ reabsorption.
11
Question
How do methylxanthines affect bronchial smooth muscle according to the text?
Page 90
Answer
They relax bronchial musculature, producing bronchodilation.
12
Question
What effect do methylxanthines have on gastric secretion as reported?
Page 90
Answer
They stimulate secretion of gastric acid.
13
Question
Describe the cardiovascular effects of methylxanthines mentioned in the material.
Page 90
Answer
They have positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart (increase contractility and heart rate).
14
Question
Name at least one clinical indication for methylxanthines given in the slides.
Page 90
Answer
Use as bronchodilator therapy (theophylline) is specifically mentioned.
15
Question
What is the primary presynaptic pharmacological action of phenylalkylamines described in the material?
Page 91
Answer
They increase presynaptic release of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine.
16
Question
List three central behavioural effects of phenylalkylamines noted in the text.
Page 91
Answer
1) Cause excitement. 2) Produce euphoria. 3) Stimulate motor activity.
17
Question
What cardiovascular effects of phenylalkylamines are highlighted in the slides?
Page 91
Answer
They increase blood pressure and cause tachycardia.
18
Question
What common adverse effect on appetite is associated with phenylalkylamines according to the material?
Page 91
Answer
Anorexia (loss of appetite).
19
Question
What behavioural complications can result from prolonged administration of phenylalkylamines?
Page 91
Answer
With prolonged administration they can produce stereotyped behaviour and psychotic behaviour.
20
Question
How does tolerance develop to the stimulant effects of phenylalkylamines?
Page 91
Answer
Tolerance to the stimulant effects develops rapidly with continued use.
21
Question
What is a listed clinical indication for phenylalkylamine-class stimulants in the slides?
Page 91
Answer
Narcolepsy is given as a clinical indication.
22
Question
Which marketed drug example is referenced in the slides under phenylalkylamines?
Page 91
Answer
Methylphenidate (tablet formulation) is referenced.
23
Question
Name two nootropic drugs listed on the slide.
Page 92
Answer
Piracetam and centrophenoxin.
24
Question
According to the material, what is the general intended effect of nootropic drugs on neurons?
Page 93
Answer
They improve neuronal metabolism and increase neuronal resistance to hypoxia and toxic substances.
25
Question
What cognitive functions do nootropic drugs aim to enhance as per the slide?
Page 93
Answer
They aim to enhance cognitive potential, specifically learning and memory.
26
Question
List three clinical indications for nootropic therapy mentioned in the slides.
Page 93
Answer
1) Cerebral atherosclerosis. 2) Stroke. 3) Toxicities affecting the brain.
27
Question
What phrase in the slides summarizes the speed of therapeutic onset for piracetam?
Page 94
Answer
Therapeutic effect is slow.
28
Question
Provide the dosing range for piracetam given in the slides.
Page 94
Answer
400–800 mg given b.i.d. (twice daily) or t.i.d. (three times daily).
29
Question
Why might nootropics be used after stroke according to the slide content?
Page 93
Answer
They can improve neuronal metabolism and increase resistance to hypoxia and toxic substances, supporting recovery after stroke.
30
Question
What therapeutic rationale does the slide give for using nootropics in cerebral atherosclerosis?
Page 93
Answer
Nootropics enhance neuronal metabolism and resistance to hypoxia/toxicity, which can help neurons suffering from reduced cerebral perfusion in atherosclerosis.