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Biology Core Concepts
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1
Question
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Page 1
Answer
1. Make observations and ask a question 2. Research existing information 3. Form a testable hypothesis 4. Conduct a controlled experiment 5. Analyze data and observations 6. Draw conclusions 7. Communicate results
2
Question
What is the difference between a control group and an experimental group?
Page 1
Answer
Control group: receives no treatment or standard treatment for baseline comparison. Experimental group: receives the treatment or independent variable being tested.
3
Question
What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?
Page 1
Answer
Independent variable: factor manipulated or changed by the experimenter. Dependent variable: factor measured or observed in response to the independent variable.
4
Question
What are constants (controlled variables) in an experiment?
Page 1
Answer
Factors kept the same across all groups to isolate the effect of the independent variable.
5
Question
What are the main characteristics of life?
Page 1
Answer
• Cellular organization • Reproduction • Metabolism • Homeostasis • Heredity • Response to stimuli • Growth and development • Adaptation/evolution
6
Question
What is Claim-Evidence-Reasoning (CER)?
Page 1
Answer
Claim: testable statement. Evidence: data/observations supporting claim. Reasoning: logical explanation linking evidence to claim.
7
Question
What does DNA stand for?
Page 1
Answer
Deoxyribonucleic acid
8
Question
Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells versus prokaryotic cells?
Page 1
Answer
Eukaryotic: primarily in nucleus (also mitochondria/chloroplasts). Prokaryotic: in nucleoid region (no membrane-bound nucleus).
9
Question
Name the four nucleotides in DNA and their three main parts.
Page 1
Answer
Nucleotides: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C). Parts: deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base.
10
Question
What are the complementary base pairing rules in DNA?
Page 1
Answer
Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T); guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).
11
Question
What does 'antiparallel' mean for DNA strands?
Page 1
Answer
The two DNA strands run in opposite directions: one 5'→3', the other 3'→5'.
12
Question
If one DNA strand reads CTGAAC, what does the complementary strand read?
Page 1
Answer
GACTTG
13
Question
What is the function of DNA helicase?
Page 1
Answer
Unzips the DNA double helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
14
Question
What is the function of DNA polymerase?
Page 1
Answer
Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the 3' end and proofreads for errors.
15
Question
What are the three main parts of the Cell Theory?
Page 1
Answer
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
16
Question
What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Page 1
Answer
Prokaryotic: no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA, smaller. Eukaryotic: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear DNA, larger.
17
Question
What cell structures are unique to plant cells, animal cells, and absent in prokaryotes?
Page 1
Answer
Plant only: cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole. Animal only: centrioles. Prokaryotes: lack both (have ribosomes).
18
Question
What are cell membranes made of?
Page 2
Answer
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates (fluid mosaic model).
19
Question
What is homeostasis?
Page 2
Answer
Ability of organisms to maintain stable internal conditions despite external changes.
20
Question
What is osmosis and how is it different from diffusion?
Page 2
Answer
Osmosis: diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane. Diffusion: any particle movement high to low concentration (osmosis is water-specific).
21
Question
What happens to a cell placed in salt water?
Page 2
Answer
Hypertonic solution: water exits cell via osmosis, cell shrinks (plasmolysis in plants, crenation in animals).
22
Question
What is ATP and what does it do?
Page 2
Answer
Adenosine triphosphate: main energy currency of cells, releases energy by breaking phosphate bond.
23
Question
What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
Page 2
Answer
$$\ce{C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP}$$
24
Question
What are the three stages of cellular respiration?
Page 2
Answer
1. Glycolysis (cytoplasm) 2. Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix) 3. Electron transport chain (inner membrane)
25
Question
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
Page 2
Answer
$$\ce{6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2}$$