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Carbohydrate Metabolism Essentials
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1
Question
10 Steps of Glycolysis
Answer
1. Glucose gets converted into Glucose-6-Phosphate by Hexokinase with ATP 2. G6P converted into Fructose-6-Phosphate 3. Fructose-6-Phosphate gets converted into Fructose-1,6-Phosphate by Phosphofructokinase with ATP 4-6. F1,6P undergoes steps 4-6 to become 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 7. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate gets converted into 3-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerokinase w/o ATP 8. 3-phosphoglycerate undergoes this step to become phosphoenolpyruvate 9. Phosphoenolpyruvate gets converted into pyruvate by pyruvate kinase w/o ATP
2
Question
foundational anaerobic pathway
Answer
Glycolysis
3
Question
What is the central molecule for cellular energy?
Answer
Glucose
4
Question
Where does carbohydrate digestion primarily occur?
Page 2
Answer
Small intestine
5
Question
Name the three monosaccharides from carbohydrate digestion.
Page 1
Answer
Glucose, fructose, galactose
6
Question
True or False: Glucose is the central molecule for cellular energy.
Page 1
Answer
True
7
Question
What trio regulates blood glucose?
Page 1
Answer
Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine
8
Question
Normal fasting blood glucose range?
Page 2
Answer
70-90 mg/100 mL
9
Question
Define hypoglycemia.
Page 2
Answer
Blood sugar below 70 mg/100 mL
10
Question
List 3 hypoglycemia symptoms.
Page 2
Answer
• Trembling • Drowsiness • Headache
11
Question
Hyperglycemia renal threshold?
Page 2
Answer
160-170 mg/100 mL
12
Question
Mouth enzyme for starch hydrolysis?
Page 2
Answer
Salivary α-amylase
13
Question
True or False: Stomach acid inactivates salivary α-amylase.
Page 2
Answer
True
14
Question
Pancreatic α-amylase action?
Page 2
Answer
Breaks maltoside chains to disaccharides
15
Question
Enzymes hydrolyzing disaccharides on mucosa?
Page 2
Answer
• Maltase → 2 glucose • Sucrase → glucose + fructose • Lactase → glucose + galactose
16
Question
Monosaccharide absorption mechanism?
Page 2
Answer
Active transport requiring ATP
17
Question
Post-absorption path of monosaccharides?
Page 2
Answer
Portal vein to liver
18
Question
Liver fate of galactose/fructose?
Page 2
Answer
Primarily to glucose via glycolysis
19
Question
3 fates of glucose post-liver?
Page 2
Answer
• Oxidized: CO₂, H₂O, ATP • Glycogen storage • Fat for long-term
20
Question
High blood glucose → which hormone? Source?
Page 2
Answer
Insulin from pancreas beta cells
21
Question
Insulin primary functions?
Page 2
Answer
• Promotes cell glucose use • Glycogen synthesis • Binds cell receptors for uptake
22
Question
Low blood glucose → which hormone? Effect?
Page 2
Answer
Glucagon: increases liver glucose via glycogenolysis
23
Question
Epinephrine source/trigger? Primary target?
Page 2
Answer
Adrenal glands (anger/fear); muscle for quick energy via glycogenolysis
24
Question
Define glycolysis.
Page 3
Answer
10-step anaerobic cytoplasmic pathway: C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 pyruvate
25
Question
Glycolysis purpose?
Page 3
Answer
Produce ATP/NADH for rapid energy sans O₂
26
Question
Glycolysis stages?
Page 3
Answer
• 6C investment (1-3) • 3C payoff (4-10)
27
Question
Net glycolysis yield per glucose?
Page 3
Answer
2 ATP + 2 NADH
28
Question
Glycolysis equation (LaTeX)?
Page 3
Answer
$$\text{Glucose} + 2\text{NAD}^+ + 2\text{ADP} + 2\text{P}_i \rightarrow 2\text{Pyruvate} + 2\text{NADH} + 2\text{H}^+ + 2\text{ATP} + 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$$
29
Question
Glycolysis regulation enzyme?
Page 3
Answer
Phosphofructokinase (inhibited by high ATP)
30
Question
Aerobic pyruvate fate?
Page 3
Answer
Mitochondrial matrix → acetyl CoA + CO₂ + NADH → Citric Acid Cycle