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DNA RNA and Mutations Essentials
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1
Question
Building block of DNA made of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
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Nucleotide
2
Question
The sugar found in a nucleotide (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA).
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5-carbon sugar
3
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Part of the nucleotide that forms the backbone of DNA/RNA.
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Phosphate group
4
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Bases A, T, G (or U in RNA) that pair together.
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Nitrogenous base
5
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A pairs with T and G pairs with C. In RNA, A pairs with U.
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Base pairing rules
6
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The twisted-ladder shape of DNA.
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Double helix
7
Question
The two DNA strands run in opposite directions.
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Antiparallel
8
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The sugar found in RNA.
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Ribose
9
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The RNA base that replaces thymine.
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Uracil (U)
10
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Messenger RNA that carries the code from DNA to the ribosome.
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mRNA
11
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Transfer RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome.
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tRNA
12
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Ribosomal RNA that helps form the ribosome.
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rRNA
13
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Enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA strands during replication.
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DNA helicase
14
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Enzyme that adds complementary bases during replication.
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DNA polymerase
15
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Short DNA segments made on the lagging strand.
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Okazaki fragments
16
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Enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand.
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DNA ligase
17
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Each new DNA molecule has one old strand and one new strand.
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Semi-conservative replication
18
Question
Enzyme that builds mRNA during transcription.
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RNA polymerase
19
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Process of making an mRNA copy of DNA in the nucleus.
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Transcription
20
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A group of three mRNA bases read by the ribosome.
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Codon
21
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Three-base sequence on tRNA that pairs with a codon.
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tRNA anticodon
22
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Process where the ribosome reads mRNA and builds a protein.
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Translation
23
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A codon that signals the end of translation.
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Stop codon
24
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A change where one base pair is changed.
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Point mutation
25
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A mutation that changes a base but does not change the amino acid.
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Silent mutation
26
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A mutation that changes one amino acid in the protein.
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Missense mutation
27
Question
A mutation that creates a stop codon early.
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Nonsense mutation
28
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A mutation where a base is added.
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Insertion
29
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A mutation where a base is removed.
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Deletion
30
Question
A mutation that shifts the reading frame due to an insertion or deletion not divisible by three.
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Frameshift mutation