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Epidemiology Essentials
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1
Question
What is epidemiology according to the provided material?
Page 3
Answer
The basic science of public health.
2
Question
On what principles is epidemiology based?
Page 3
Answer
Principles of statistics.
3
Question
What other methodologies form the basis of epidemiology besides statistics?
Page 3
Answer
Research methodologies.
4
Question
What is the design purpose of epidemiology?
Page 3
Answer
To train professionals to apply epidemiological principles and methods.
5
Question
In what kind of settings is epidemiology meant to be applied?
Page 3
Answer
A broad range of settings.
6
Question
What is the key feature of observational studies?
Page 5
Answer
The epidemiologist does not assign a treatment but rather observes.
7
Question
Why might an epidemiologist use an observational study for smoking and lung cancer?
Page 5
Answer
Assigning people to smoke or not smoke would not be ethical.
8
Question
In an observational study on smoking and lung cancer, what is observed?
Page 5
Answer
Prevalence of lung cancer in smokers vs. non-smokers.
9
Question
What is the main objective of case-control studies?
Page 6
Answer
To look for causes of disease.
10
Question
How are participants grouped in case-control studies?
Page 6
Answer
Those with disease (cases) vs. those without disease (controls).
11
Question
What factors should cases and controls share?
Page 6
Answer
Potential causes or factors not to be studied (e.g., age, socioeconomic status, sex).
12
Question
What should cases and controls not share?
Page 6
Answer
Factors the epidemiologist suspects are causal.
13
Question
Why must the sample be large enough in case-control studies?
Page 7
Answer
So findings can be extrapolated to a larger population.
14
Question
How is the significance of a causal factor assessed in case-control studies?
Page 7
Answer
Through the odds.
15
Question
What do cohort studies primarily investigate?
Page 8
Answer
Causes of disease.
16
Question
Does a cohort study require a control group?
Page 8
Answer
It can have a control group or not.
17
Question
Name the two types of cohort studies.
Page 8
Answer
Retrospective and prospective.
18
Question
What does the epidemiologist do in experimental studies?
Page 9
Answer
Assigns subjects to treatments.
19
Question
How does experimental study differ from observational in researcher role?
Page 9
Answer
In observational, the researcher observes subjects and waits for 'treatment' or results to happen.
20
Question
What is a key type of experimental study mentioned?
Page 9
Answer
Randomized Control Trial.
21
Question
How are subjects allocated in a randomized control trial?
Page 10
Answer
Randomly given the treatment or control.
22
Question
Provide an example scenario for a randomized control trial.
Page 10
Answer
To test if a medicinal herb decreases incidence of depression, subjects are randomly given the herb or a placebo.
23
Question
In the herb depression RCT example, how are groups determined?
Page 10
Answer
Depending on treatment received (herb or placebo), they were in group 1 or group 2.
24
Question
What defines an epidemic?
Page 11
Answer
The occurrence of more cases of disease than would normally be expected in a specific place or group of people over a given period of time.
25
Question
What is an endemic disease pattern?
Page 12
Answer
A high background rate of disease.
26
Question
What characterizes a pandemic?
Page 12
Answer
Very widespread, often global, disease.
27
Question
What is an agent in the context of disease transmission?
Page 13
Answer
A bacterium, parasite, or virus; the entity necessary to cause disease in a susceptible host.
28
Question
Define infectivity.
Page 13
Answer
The capacity to cause infection in a susceptible host.
29
Question
What is pathogenicity?
Page 13
Answer
The capacity to cause disease in a host.
30
Question
Define virulence.
Page 14
Answer
The severity of disease that the agent causes in the host.