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Circulatory System Essentials
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1
Question
What is the primary function of arteries according to the text?
Page 2
Answer
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the regions of the body.
2
Question
How are arteries structurally described in the text and what is the significance?
Page 2
Answer
Arteries are surrounded by smooth muscle and are under high pressure.
3
Question
What role does the dorsal aorta play according to the notes?
Page 2
Answer
The dorsal aorta carries blood away from the heart to various regions of the body.
4
Question
What is the purpose of the pulmonary artery as stated in the text?
Page 2
Answer
The pulmonary artery connects the heart with the lungs to supply blood with oxygen.
5
Question
What do veins carry and where do they return it?
Page 2
Answer
Veins carry deoxygenated blood and waste materials from the capillaries back to the heart.
6
Question
Name two major veins listed in the notes that return blood to the heart.
Page 2
Answer
Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava.
7
Question
What feature of veins helps prevent backflow of blood?
Page 2
Answer
Veins have one-way valves.
8
Question
List two key functions or characteristics of capillaries described in the text.
Page 2
Answer
Capillaries are where materials move in/out of blood to/from the cells of the body, and they are the smallest vessels that let one blood cell pass through at a time.
9
Question
Why must all cells be near a capillary according to the notes?
Page 2
Answer
All cells need to be near a capillary because capillaries deliver blood and allow exchange of oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and waste products with body tissues.
10
Question
What substance do red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain that helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Page 2
Answer
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
11
Question
What is the primary role of white blood cells (leukocytes) as stated in the notes?
Page 2
Answer
White blood cells carry antibodies and act as the body's defense mechanism.
12
Question
What role do platelets (thrombocytes) play in the circulatory system according to the text?
Page 2
Answer
Platelets help blood form clots and close up injured blood vessels.
13
Question
Describe plasma and its main functions as given in the notes.
Page 2
Answer
Plasma is the fluid that carries red and white blood cells, platelets, waste products, and various other cells and substances through the bloodstream; it is the fluid the other three components float in and is the location for dissolved nutrients and wastes.
14
Question
What are the four basic blood types listed in the notes?
Page 2
Answer
Blood types listed are A, B, AB, and O.
15
Question
What is hypertension (high blood pressure)?
Page 5
Answer
Hypertension is high blood pressure — a condition in which either the amount of blood pumped by the heart increases or the resistance to blood flow through the arteries increases, resulting in elevated pressure in the blood vessels.
16
Question
What does the term 'blood pressure' measure?
Page 5
Answer
Blood pressure measures the force that the blood pushes on the walls of the arteries from the inside as it flows through the blood vessels.
17
Question
Define systolic blood pressure.
Page 5
Answer
Systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts (pushes), forcing blood out into the body.
18
Question
Define diastolic blood pressure.
Page 5
Answer
Diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is filled with blood and relaxes between beats (the heart is resting).
19
Question
When are the systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings recorded?
Page 5
Answer
Systolic is recorded when the heart is pushing (contracting); diastolic is recorded when the heart is resting (relaxing) between beats.
20
Question
What is considered a normal blood pressure reading?
Page 5
Answer
Normal blood pressure is 120/80 (systolic/diastolic).
21
Question
In what units is blood pressure measured?
Page 5
Answer
Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
22
Question
Why is cholesterol described as a 'silent killer' in the context of cardiovascular disease?
Page 5
Answer
Cholesterol (a type of lipid) can accumulate in arteries and harden or block blood flow gradually without obvious symptoms, until it suddenly blocks an artery and causes events like heart attack or stroke.
23
Question
Approximately how many Americans live with heart disease (statistic given)?
Page 5
Answer
About 61 million Americans live with heart disease.
24
Question
What are the two broad types of risk factors for hypertension and cardiovascular disease?
Page 5
Answer
There are two types of risk factors: those you can control (modifiable) and those you cannot control (non‑modifiable).
25
Question
Give examples of controllable (modifiable) risk factors for hypertension.
Page 5
Answer
Controllable risk factors include: - Smoking - High cholesterol - Excessive alcohol consumption (drinking) - Drug use - Obesity/being overweight - Physical inactivity - Poor diet (including too much salt) - High stress - Use of oral contraceptives (in some women)
26
Question
Give examples of uncontrollable (non-modifiable) risk factors for hypertension.
Page 5
Answer
Uncontrollable risk factors include: - Age - Gender - Race - Heredity (family history)
27
Question
Name three major modifiable risk factors that increase the risk of stroke or heart disease.
Page 5
Answer
Three major modifiable risk factors are: - High blood pressure - High cholesterol - Smoking
28
Question
How does being overweight contribute to hypertension risk according to the material?
Page 5
Answer
Being overweight increases the risk of hypertension because excess body weight raises the amount of blood the heart must pump and can increase resistance in the arteries, contributing to higher blood pressure.
29
Question
What dietary habit is recommended to help keep the circulatory system functioning?
Page 7
Answer
Eat a healthy, low‑fat, low‑salt diet.
30
Question
Which regular activity is advised to maintain a healthy circulatory system?
Page 7
Answer
Exercise regularly.