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Cell Biology Essentials
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1
Question
Scientist who looked at cork under a microscope and called what he saw “cellulae” (Latin for “small rooms”).
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Robert Hooke
2
Question
Scientist who designed a new microscope and studied living things, making important early observations of microorganisms.
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
3
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The theory that states: • All living things are made of cells • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things • All cells come from other cells
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Cell Theory
4
Question
Simple cells that are unicellular, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; examples include bacteria and archaea.
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Prokaryotes
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Complex cells that can be unicellular or multicellular, have membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus; examples include protists, plants, animals, and fungi.
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Eukaryotes
6
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The jelly-like fluid inside the cell that provides support to the organelles.
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Cytoplasm
7
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The supporting network within the cell that provides structure and an anchor for organelles.
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Cytoskeleton
8
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Part of the cell that provides protection for the cell and controls what comes in and what goes out.
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Plasma Membrane
9
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The managing structure of the cell that houses the DNA and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
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Nucleus
10
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The structure inside the nucleus that is the site of ribosome production.
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Nucleolus
11
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Cellular structures that make proteins; they exist in two types: bound (attached to the rough ER) and free (in the cytoplasm).
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Ribosomes
12
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Part of the cell composed of two types — rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (lacking ribosomes) — involved in protein and lipid processing.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
13
Question
What is fermentation?
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An anaerobic process that allows cells to make ATP when no oxygen is available.
14
Question
What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
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Answer
Pyruvates produced during glycolysis are converted to lactic acid; this process keeps glycolysis running but does not produce extra ATP.
15
Question
What happens during alcoholic fermentation?
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Answer
Pyruvates produced during glycolysis are converted to ethanol and \$CO_2\$; this process keeps glycolysis running but does not produce extra ATP.
16
Question
What is ATP?
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ATP is the energy-carrying molecule used by cells to perform work.
17
Question
What does hydrolysis do in relation to ATP?
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Hydrolysis is the process that forms ADP by breaking ATP's phosphate bonds (water is used to break the bond).
18
Question
What is dehydration synthesis in the context of ATP?
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Answer
Dehydration synthesis is the process that forms ATP (joining phosphate groups with removal of water).
19
Question
What is photosynthesis?
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Answer
Photosynthesis is the process that converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
20
Question
What are chloroplasts and what key structures do they contain?
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Chloroplasts are organelles with two membranes that surround the stroma and thylakoids; thylakoids contain chlorophyll to capture light energy.
21
Question
What is the stroma in a chloroplast?
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Answer
The stroma is the inner fluid within the chloroplast where some photosynthetic reactions occur.
22
Question
What are thylakoids?
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Thylakoids are stacked disc-like membranes inside the stroma of chloroplasts that house chlorophyll and the light-capturing machinery.
23
Question
What are stomata and what gas do they take in?
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Answer
Stomata are small pores on the leaf that take in \$CO_2\$ (carbon dioxide) from the air.
24
Question
Where do light-dependent reactions occur and what are their main products?
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Answer
Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH while capturing energy from sunlight.
25
Question
What role does chlorophyll play in light-dependent reactions?
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Chlorophyll absorbs light energy, which excites electrons that then enter the electron transport chain of the light-dependent reactions.
26
Question
What happens to water molecules during the light-dependent reactions?
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Answer
Water molecules (\$H_2O\$) are split during light-dependent reactions, providing electrons and producing oxygen as a byproduct.
27
Question
Where do light-independent reactions take place and what do they use from the light-dependent reactions?
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Answer
Light-independent reactions take place in the stroma and use products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) to help make glucose.
28
Question
How is CO2 used during light-independent reactions and what happens to molecules in the cycle?
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Answer
CO2 from the air is converted into molecules like glucose through a series of reactions during the light-independent stage, and molecules get recycled to keep the cycle going.