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Blood composition and hematopoiesis
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1
Question
What are the main components of blood as shown in the diagram, including their percentages by weight or volume?
Page 4
Answer
Blood consists of plasma (55% by volume) and formed elements (45% by volume). Plasma is 92% water by weight, 7% proteins (58% albumins, 37% globulins, 4% fibrinogen, 1% regulatory proteins), and 1% other solutes. Formed elements include erythrocytes (RBCs, 3.5-5.5 million/mm³), leukocytes (WBCs, 4500-11,000/mm³: 50-70% neutrophils, 25-33% lymphocytes, 3-7% monocytes, 1-3% eosinophils, 0-0.75% basophils), and platelets (150,000-400,000/mm³).
2
Question
What percentage of blood volume is occupied by plasma?
Page 4
Answer
55%
3
Question
What percentage of blood volume is occupied by formed elements?
Page 4
Answer
45%
4
Question
What is the water content of plasma by weight?
Page 4
Answer
92%
5
Question
What are the three main types of plasma proteins and their approximate percentages?
Page 4
Answer
Albumins (58%), globulins (37%), fibrinogen (4%)
6
Question
What is the normal range for erythrocyte (RBC) count in adults?
Page 4
Answer
3.5-5.5 million/mm³
7
Question
What is the normal range for leukocyte (WBC) count?
Page 4
Answer
4500-11,000/mm³
8
Question
What is the normal range for platelet count?
Page 4
Answer
150,000-400,000/mm³
9
Question
What percentage of white blood cells are neutrophils?
Page 4
Answer
50-70%
10
Question
What percentage of white blood cells are lymphocytes?
Page 4
Answer
25-33%
11
Question
What percentage of white blood cells are monocytes?
Page 4
Answer
3-7%
12
Question
What percentage of white blood cells are eosinophils?
Page 4
Answer
1-3%
13
Question
What percentage of white blood cells are basophils?
Page 4
Answer
0-0.75%
14
Question
What is a complete blood count (CBC) or full blood count (FBC)?
Page 5
Answer
One of the most frequently performed blood tests that calculates the cellular or formed elements of blood.
15
Question
What percentage of the formed elements in blood are red blood cells (RBCs)?
Page 5
Answer
99%
16
Question
What is the normal red cell count for adult males?
Page 5
Answer
4.3-5.9 × 10¹²/L
17
Question
What is the normal red cell count for adult females?
Page 5
Answer
3.5-5.0 × 10¹²/L
18
Question
What is hematocrit?
Page 7
Answer
The percentage of the volume of the packed red cells to the total blood volume; also referred to as Packed Cell Volume (PCV).
19
Question
What is the normal hematocrit range for adult males?
Page 7
Answer
40-54%
20
Question
What is the normal hematocrit range for adult females?
Page 7
Answer
36-48%
21
Question
What is the normal hematocrit range for newborns?
Page 7
Answer
50-62%
22
Question
What factors can cause variation in hematocrit?
Page 7
Answer
Altitude, hydration, and health.
23
Question
How does anemia affect hematocrit?
Page 7
Answer
Decreases hematocrit.
24
Question
How does polycythemia affect hematocrit?
Page 7
Answer
Increases hematocrit.
25
Question
How does dehydration affect hematocrit?
Page 7
Answer
Falsely increases hematocrit.
26
Question
How does chronic lung disease or high altitude affect hematocrit?
Page 7
Answer
Increases hematocrit (oxygen adaptation).
27
Question
What percentage of circulating white blood cells are lymphocytes?
Page 15
Answer
20-25%
28
Question
Describe the nucleus and granules of lymphocytes.
Page 15
Answer
Nucleus is spherical and densely stained; no granules.
29
Question
Where are lymphocytes usually present?
Page 15
Answer
In tissues.
30
Question
Are lymphocytes phagocytic?
Page 15
Answer
No, non-phagocytic.