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Reformation Era Religions Flashcards
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1
Question
What is the core belief of Protestantism regarding salvation?
Answer
Salvation is achieved through faith alone, not through works or church rituals.
2
Question
How does Lutheranism differ from Catholicism in terms of the sacraments?
Answer
Lutherans recognize only two sacraments: baptism and the Eucharist, rejecting others like penance.
3
Question
What is the doctrine of predestination in Calvinism?
Page 1
Answer
Predestination is the belief that God has already chosen who will be saved, independent of human actions.
4
Question
Who were the Huguenots in the context of Calvinism?
Answer
Huguenots were French Calvinists who faced persecution and played a key role in the French Wars of Religion.
5
Question
What is a key ritual in Anabaptist communities?
Answer
Adult baptism, as they reject infant baptism and emphasize believer's baptism.
6
Question
How is Presbyterianism structured in terms of church governance?
Answer
Presbyterianism uses a system of elders (presbyters) elected by congregations to govern the church democratically.
7
Question
What was the origin of Anglicanism?
Answer
Anglicanism emerged in England under Henry VIII when the Church of England broke from Rome over his divorce.
8
Question
What are the seven sacraments in Catholicism?
Answer
Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony.
9
Question
Who was Martin Luther and where was he from?
Answer
Martin Luther was a German monk and theologian from Wittenberg, Germany, who initiated the Protestant Reformation.
10
Question
What was John Calvin's contribution to the Reformation and where was he from?
Page 1
Answer
John Calvin, a French theologian who worked in Geneva, Switzerland, developed systematic Protestant theology emphasizing predestination and church discipline.
11
Question
Who was John Knox and his role in religion?
Answer
John Knox was a Scottish reformer from Scotland who founded Presbyterianism and led the Scottish Reformation against Catholic Mary Queen of Scots.
12
Question
Who was Charles V and his importance in the Reformation?
Answer
Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor from Spain and the Habsburg domains, who defended Catholicism and warred against Protestant princes.
13
Question
Why did King Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church?
Answer
King Henry VIII, from England, sought an annulment from Catherine of Aragon, which Pope Clement VII denied, leading to the Act of Supremacy.
14
Question
What was Queen Elizabeth I's religious policy?
Answer
Queen Elizabeth I of England established the Elizabethan Settlement, creating a moderate Anglican Church to balance Protestant and Catholic elements.
15
Question
Who was Anne Boleyn and her significance?
Answer
Anne Boleyn was Henry VIII's second wife from England, whose marriage prompted the break with Rome; she was executed on charges of adultery.
16
Question
Who was Jane Seymour and her role?
Answer
Jane Seymour was Henry VIII's third wife, who bore his son Edward VI and helped moderate religious policies briefly.
17
Question
Who was Zwingli and where was he from?
Page 2
Answer
Huldrych Zwingli was a Swiss reformer from Zurich, Switzerland, who led the Reformation there, emphasizing scripture over tradition.
18
Question
Who was Ignatius of Loyola and his contribution?
Page 4
Answer
Ignatius of Loyola, from Spain, founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) to counter the Reformation through education and missionary work.
19
Question
What were the Jesuits and their role?
Answer
The Jesuits were a Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola, focused on education, obedience to the Pope, and combating Protestantism.
20
Question
Who was Pope Paul III and his actions?
Answer
Pope Paul III from Italy convened the Council of Trent and approved the Jesuits to reform the Catholic Church.
21
Question
Who was Pope Paul IV and his significance?
Answer
Pope Paul IV, an Italian, established the Roman Inquisition to suppress heresy during the Counter-Reformation.
22
Question
Who were King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella?
Answer
Ferdinand and Isabella were Spanish monarchs who completed the Reconquista, established the Spanish Inquisition, and supported Columbus.
23
Question
Who was Johann Tetzel and his role?
Answer
Johann Tetzel was a German Dominican friar who sold indulgences, provoking Martin Luther's 95 Theses.
24
Question
What was the Council of Trent?
Page 5
Answer
The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a Catholic ecumenical council in Trent, Italy, that reformed the Church and clarified doctrines against Protestantism.
25
Question
When and where did the Council of Trent occur, and why?
Page 5
Answer
The Council of Trent met in Trent, Italy, from 1545 to 1563 to address Protestant challenges by reforming abuses and defining Catholic dogma.
26
Question
How did the Council of Trent contribute to the Counter-Reformation?
Page 5
Answer
It standardized the Mass, reaffirmed seven sacraments, ended indulgences sales, and emphasized clerical education via seminaries.
27
Question
What was the Act of Supremacy?
Answer
The Act of Supremacy (1534) was a law passed by the English Parliament declaring King Henry VIII the Supreme Head of the Church of England.
28
Question
Who, what, when, where, why, and how for the Act of Supremacy?
Answer
Henry VIII (who) passed the Act (what) in 1534 (when) in England (where) to annul his marriage (why) by parliamentary legislation (how).
29
Question
What was the Inquisition?
Answer
The Inquisition was a Catholic tribunal established to combat heresy, notably the Spanish Inquisition under Ferdinand and Isabella from 1478.
30
Question
How did the Inquisition contribute to the Counter-Reformation?
Answer
It suppressed Protestant ideas in Catholic lands through trials, torture, and expulsions, maintaining doctrinal purity.