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Perception and Sensory Processing Flashcards
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1
Question
What is the first step in the process from stimulus to perception?
Answer
Stimulus, such as a green light emitting photons
2
Question
What is stimulus generalziation and give an example
Answer
the tendency for a conditioned response (CR) to occur in response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). example is john B watson with the little child and white rat---anything white now scares the baby.
3
Question
who was known for putting cats into boxes?
Answer
edward L thorndike was known for his research with cats - put cats trapped in a box
4
Question
What did edward thorndike learn from the puzzle box?
Answer
the Law of Effect: Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated.
5
Question
who is known for the white rat and baby experiment?
Answer
John B Watson
6
Question
What school of thought heavily influenced the study of learning?
Answer
behaviorism heavily influenced study of learning
7
Question
Who was the foremost proponent of observational learning?
Answer
albert bandora - observational learnings foremost propoenent
8
Question
what did Ivan Pavlov discover?
Answer
ivan pavlov measured how much dogs salivate when given food, and stumbled across classical conditioning - he noticed that dogs started salivating before the food arrive, when they saw the lab assistant who fed them.
9
Question
What is subjective contour/illusory contours?
Answer
the perception of edges or borders that are not physically present in an image. It occurs when the brain "fills in the gaps" to create a complete, whole shape from incomplete information. (Ex: 3 pac mans create a triangle)
10
Question
What is delayed conditioning?
Answer
Delayed conditioning is a type of classical conditioning where the conditioned stimulus (CS) is presented first and remains present for a period before the unconditioned stimulus (US) is introduced. The CS and US overlap, which typically leads to a strong conditioned response (CR) because the CS provides a reliable predictor of the upcoming US. For example, a tone (CS) sounds, and after a brief delay, food (US) is presented, causing the tone to eventually trigger salivation (CR)
11
Question
What is stimulus discrimination?
Answer
Stimulus discrimination is the ability to differentiate between two or more stimuli and respond appropriately to each. (Ex: For example, a dog might learn to only bark at the doorbell, not the phone, because barking at the doorbell leads to a reward, while barking at the phone does not)
12
Question
what lobe is primary visual cortex in?
Answer
occipital lobe
13
Question
what lobe is auditory cortex in?
Answer
temporal lobe
14
Question
what lobe is gustatory cortex in?
Answer
frontal lobe
15
Question
what lobe is touch pathway in?
Answer
pariental lobe
16
Question
what lobe is olfactory cortex in?
Answer
temporal lobe
17
Question
What is the second step in the process from stimulus to perception?
Answer
Sensation: the detection of stimulus via sensory receptors
18
Question
What is transduction in sensory coding? (third step)
Answer
Translating physical stimuli into chemical and electrical signals for the nervous system
19
Question
What is the fourth step in the process from stimulus to perception?
Answer
perception: constructs a representation of that stimulus
20
Question
What characterizes bottom-up processing in perception?
Answer
Stimulus drives transduction directly to perception without prior expectations
21
Question
How does top-down processing influence perception?
Answer
Uses past experiences and hypotheses to interpret or confirm stimuli
22
Question
What example illustrates top-down processing in the basketball and gorilla video?
Answer
Focusing on basketballs causes missing the gorilla due to expectations
23
Question
How does transduction handle qualitative information like color?
Answer
Different wavelengths activate specific receptors, e.g., green vs. red light
24
Question
How does transduction process quantitative information like brightness?
Answer
Same neurons fire at different rates for varying intensities
25
Question
What is the absolute threshold in psychophysics?
Answer
Stimulus intensity detected 50% of the time
26
Question
What does the psychometric function represent?
Answer
S-shaped curve showing perception probability vs. stimulus intensity
27
Question
Why is the psychometric function not a linear line?
Answer
Because else that means perception = sensation
28
Question
Why do some animals have higher sensory sensitivity than humans?
Answer
Provides evolutionary advantages for survival
29
Question
What is spontaneous firing in neurons?
Answer
Baseline activity ensuring neural pathways function properly
30
Question
How do liberal and conservative response biases differ in signal detection?
Answer
Liberal says 'yes' on suspicion; conservative requires certainty. This means that for example you would need a higher light intensity to say "yes".