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Lymphatic and Innate Immunity Essentials
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1
Question
What are pathogens?
Page 2
Answer
Disease-causing microorganisms
2
Question
Name five types of pathogens.
Page 2
Answer
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites
3
Question
What two main parts make up the lymphatic system?
Page 3
Answer
Network of lymphatic vessels and lymph tissues/organs
4
Question
What is lymph?
Page 4
Answer
Clear straw-colored fluid from plasma collected in lymph vessels
5
Question
How does interstitial fluid become lymph?
Page 4
Answer
Picked up by lymphatic vessels
6
Question
Where is lymph returned to the blood circulation?
Page 11
Answer
Just above the superior vena cava at the shoulders
7
Question
What structural feature of lymph vessels prevents backflow?
Page 5
Answer
Valves within the vessels
8
Question
How is lymph propelled through lymphatic vessels?
Page 5
Answer
Body movements “squish” lymph and valves prevent backflow
9
Question
What are lymph nodes?
Page 7
Answer
Series of cleaning filters that trap pathogens in lymph
10
Question
Why do lymph nodes swell during infection?
Page 15
Answer
Large numbers of trapped pathogens and activated WBCs cause swelling
11
Question
Where are lymph nodes typically embedded?
Page 8
Answer
Connective tissue
12
Question
Name major lymph organs mentioned in the slides.
Page 24
Answer
Spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, bone marrow, appendix
13
Question
What key immune cells are generated or stored in lymph organs?
Page 14
Answer
Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells)
14
Question
What is the primary function of the spleen regarding blood?
Page 17
Answer
Filters pathogens from blood and destroys worn-out RBCs
15
Question
What is the thymus’ role in immunity?
Page 18
Answer
Nursery for T-cells; stores immature T-cells until maturity
16
Question
What do tonsils do?
Page 19
Answer
Circle the pharynx and remove pathogens entering the throat
17
Question
What are Peyer’s patches and where are they located?
Page 23
Answer
Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine that monitors gut bacteria
18
Question
List four functions of the lymphatic system.
Page 14
Answer
Return tissue fluid to blood, filter pathogens, absorb intestinal fats, generate/store lymphocytes
19
Question
Approximately how much fluid leaves capillaries daily and must be returned by lymphatics?
Page 11
Answer
More than three liters per day
20
Question
Compare the volume of lymph to blood in the body.
Page 11
Answer
There is at least twice as much lymph as blood
21
Question
What are lymphatic capillaries specialized to collect?
Page 5
Answer
Interstitial fluid, proteins, pathogens, and fats (chyle)
22
Question
Which lymphatic structure receives lymph drainage from digestive organs?
Page 12
Answer
Cisterna chyli
23
Question
How do lymph nodes help white blood cells?
Page 7
Answer
They slow lymph flow so WBCs can attack and engulf pathogens
24
Question
Why is bone marrow mentioned with the lymphatic/immune system?
Page 9
Answer
It generates B-cells and is the origin of lymphocytes
25
Question
What is the relationship between the lymphatic and circulatory systems?
Page 10
Answer
Lymph returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream and interfaces at thoracic duct/subclavian veins
26
Question
What is the first line of defense against pathogens?
Page 28
Answer
Physical and chemical barriers: skin, mucus, saliva, tears, gastric acid
27
Question
How does skin protect against infection?
Page 28
Answer
Epidermis forms a dead barrier and secretes antimicrobial chemicals
28
Question
How do mucus and cilia protect the respiratory tract?
Page 29
Answer
Mucus traps particles; cilia sweep mucus to throat for removal
29
Question
What role does saliva play in defense?
Page 30
Answer
Contains chemicals that break down bacteria
30
Question
How does stomach acid contribute to defense?
Page 31
Answer
Strong gastric acids destroy swallowed bacteria