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Sociology Essentials Flashcards
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1
Question
What is a society according to the lecture?
Page 1
Answer
A large group of individuals sharing common territory, culture, and social institutions organized for interaction and stability.
2
Question
How is society described beyond the sum of individuals?
Page 1
Answer
A dynamic network of relationships influencing behavior, group formation, and life organization.
3
Question
What characterizes hunter-gatherer societies?
Page 1
Answer
Small, mobile groups based on kinship and shared labor, relying on natural vegetation and animals.
4
Question
What key shift occurred in herding and horticultural societies?
Page 1
Answer
Settled lifestyles from animal domestication and crop cultivation, leading to complex family structures and social classes.
5
Question
How did agricultural societies advance food production?
Page 1
Answer
Through technologies like plowing, irrigation, and fertilization, enabling surplus and sophisticated division of labor.
6
Question
What defines industrial societies?
Page 1
Answer
Mass production, urbanization, and rise of industrial capitalists, resulting in class stratification like working class and bourgeoisie.
7
Question
What is the focus of post-industrial societies?
Page 1
Answer
Shift from manufacturing to services and information technology, creating roles like knowledge workers and increasing social mobility.
8
Question
What is culture in sociological terms?
Page 1
Answer
Shared beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material artifacts defining a group or society.
9
Question
How does culture differ from animal behavior?
Page 1
Answer
Humans create, share, and cumulatively evolve culture adapting to environment and needs.
10
Question
What does it mean that all people share a culture?
Page 2
Answer
Culture is learned, passed down generations, providing identity and belonging within a society.
11
Question
How is culture adaptive and evolving?
Page 2
Answer
It changes over time to meet new challenges and opportunities faced by societies.
12
Question
Why is culture's transmission unique to humans?
Page 2
Answer
Humans consciously transmit culture to future generations, enabling complex social systems and technology.
13
Question
What is ethnocentrism?
Page 2
Answer
Belief that one's own culture is superior, leading to judgment and prejudice against others.
14
Question
What is cultural relativity?
Page 2
Answer
Understanding cultural practices from the perspective of that culture itself.
15
Question
Provide an example of cultural relativity with arranged marriages.
Page 2
Answer
Seen as important tradition with meaning in its cultural context, not outdated.
16
Question
What is material culture?
Page 2
Answer
Physical objects, artifacts, and technologies like clothing, tools, buildings, and machines.
17
Question
What is non-material culture?
Page 2
Answer
Ideas, beliefs, values, and norms guiding behavior within a society.
18
Question
How do values differ from beliefs in culture?
Page 2
Answer
Values are what society deems important or right/wrong; beliefs are specific ideas held true, like democracy.
19
Question
What is ideal culture?
Page 2
Answer
Practices, beliefs, and values regarded as most desirable and consciously taught to children.
20
Question
What is real culture?
Page 2
Answer
What people actually do in everyday lives, which may not align with ideal culture.
21
Question
Give an example of ideal vs. real culture.
Page 2
Answer
Societies claim to value equality, but real-world inequalities persist in race, gender, and class.
22
Question
What are norms in culture?
Page 2
Answer
Expectations or rules guiding behavior in society.
23
Question
What are folkways?
Page 3
Answer
Informal rules governing everyday behavior, not strictly enforced, like dress codes or table manners.
24
Question
What are mores?
Page 3
Answer
Strongly held norms with moral significance, like prohibitions against theft or murder.
25
Question
What are taboos?
Page 3
Answer
Behaviors so repugnant they are almost universally condemned, such as incest.
26
Question
What are laws as a component of culture?
Page 3
Answer
Formalized norms enforced by the legal system.
27
Question
What are sanctions?
Page 3
Answer
Rewards or punishments for following or violating norms.
28
Question
What is a subculture?
Page 3
Answer
Group within larger society sharing dominant culture aspects but with distinct values, norms, or practices, like goth subculture.
29
Question
What is a counterculture?
Page 3
Answer
Group actively rejecting and opposing dominant societal norms to change structures, like 1960s hippie movement.
30
Question
What is socialization?
Page 3
Answer
Lifelong process where individuals learn and internalize values, norms, and behaviors for social roles.