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Pediatric Cardiac and Emergencies Quick Reference
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1
Question
What is the normal heart rate range for neonates under 1 month?
Page 1
Answer
140-180 bpm
2
Question
How is systolic blood pressure estimated in children using age?
Page 1
Answer
85 + (age in years × 2)
3
Question
What is the normal respiratory rate for newborns?
Page 1
Answer
55-60 breaths per minute
4
Question
What are the initial steps in pediatric emergency management?
Page 2
Answer
ABCs: Airway, Breathing, Circulation
5
Question
When is intubation indicated in airway management?
Page 2
Answer
GCS less than 8
6
Question
What oxygen saturation threshold requires 100% oxygen?
Page 2
Answer
SpO2 less than 92%
7
Question
What is the fluid bolus for circulation compromise?
Page 2
Answer
20 mL/kg IV normal saline
8
Question
What is the treatment for hypoglycemia in neonates?
Page 2
Answer
10% dextrose at 2 mL/kg bolus
9
Question
What are the types of congenital heart diseases based on shunting?
Page 2
Answer
Left-to-right (acyanotic), right-to-left or mixing (cyanotic), obstructive (acyanotic)
10
Question
What are common left-to-right shunt lesions?
Page 2
Answer
VSD, PDA, ASD
11
Question
What are examples of cyanotic congenital heart diseases?
Page 2
Answer
TOF, TGA, Ebstein anomaly, TAPVR
12
Question
What are obstructive acyanotic congenital heart defects?
Page 2
Answer
Coarctation of aorta, mitral stenosis, aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis
13
Question
What is a key feature of innocent murmurs?
Page 2
Answer
Soft systolic, no complications, resolves or changes with posture
14
Question
What is the typical age for VSD presentation?
Page 3
Answer
Any age
15
Question
What complications are associated with VSD?
Page 3
Answer
Failure to thrive, recurrent infections, infective endocarditis, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, Eisenmenger syndrome
16
Question
What is the murmur of VSD?
Page 3
Answer
Pansystolic murmur at lower left sternal edge
17
Question
What is the typical presentation age for ASD?
Page 3
Answer
Not in infants, later childhood
18
Question
What is a key sign of coarctation of aorta?
Page 3
Answer
Weak or absent femoral pulses
19
Question
What CXR finding is classic for TOF?
Page 3
Answer
Boot-shaped heart with oligemic lung fields
20
Question
What is the definitive diagnosis for congenital heart defects?
Page 3
Answer
2D echocardiography
21
Question
When to refer a child with VSD?
Page 4
Answer
Refractory heart failure or pulmonary hypertension (loud P2)
22
Question
What causes innocent murmurs in newborns?
Page 4
Answer
Hyperdynamic circulation
23
Question
How to differentiate venous hum from PDA?
Page 4
Answer
Venous hum changes with posture or compression; PDA continuous
24
Question
What is the immediate management for hypercyanotic spells in TOF?
Page 5
Answer
Knee-chest position, 100% oxygen, morphine
25
Question
What saturation indicates a hypercyanotic spell?
Page 5
Answer
Less than 85%
26
Question
What is the treatment for duct-dependent cyanotic lesions like TGA?
Page 5
Answer
IV prostaglandin E2 to maintain patency
27
Question
What is the management for critical coarctation?
Page 5
Answer
IV prostaglandin E2, then furosemide for heart failure
28
Question
What are signs of heart failure in infants?
Page 6
Answer
Tender hepatomegaly >2 cm, bilateral crepitations
29
Question
Why avoid propping up in left-to-right shunts?
Page 6
Answer
Increases shunting; worsens symptoms
30
Question
What is the age range for acute rheumatic fever?
Page 7
Answer
5-15 years