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Geomorphology Essentials
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Geomorphology Essentials
Geomorphology Essentials
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1
Question
What is Geomorphology?
Page 1
Answer
The study of Earth’s physical land surface features, its landforms such as rivers, hills, plains, beaches, sand dunes, and others.
2
Question
What does Geomorphology observe and interpret?
Page 1
Answer
Landscapes systematically to understand how processes shape Earth’s surface, decipher the history of a place, and recognize impacts of environmental hazards.
3
Question
Who was Xenophanes of Colophon?
Page 1
Answer
An Ancient Greek (570-480 BC) who reported the occurrence of marine shells on top of mountains and quarries.
4
Question
What did Herodotus think about Egypt?
Page 1
Answer
That the lower part of Egypt was a former marine bay, and 'Egypt is the gift of the river' due to Nile delta silt accumulation.
5
Question
What did Aristotle conjecture about land and sea?
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Answer
That land and sea change places, with areas now dry once sea and areas now sea once dry land.
6
Question
What did Strabo observe about land and rivers?
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Answer
That the land rises and falls, and river delta size depends on catchment nature, largest where catchments are large with weak rocks.
7
Question
What did Lucius Annaeus Seneca appreciate about rivers?
Page 1
Answer
That rivers possess the power to erode their valleys.
8
Question
What view did Ibn-e-Sina (Avicenna) propound about mountains?
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Answer
That some mountains are produced by differential erosion, with running water and wind hollowing out softer rocks.
9
Question
What did Leonardo da Vinci believe about fossil marine shells?
Page 1
Answer
That changes in land and sea levels explained their presence in mountains.
10
Question
What did Leonardo da Vinci opine about valleys and streams?
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Answer
That valleys were cut by streams, which carry material from one place and deposit it elsewhere.
11
Question
What is the Leicester Code?
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Answer
A collection of numerous manuscripts with handwritten notes of Leonardo's scientific and technical observations.
12
Question
What did Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti recognize?
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Answer
Evidence of stream erosion, arguing valleys like Arno were excavated by rivers and floods from barrier lakes.
13
Question
What did Targioni-Tozzetti suggest about stream courses?
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Answer
That irregular courses relate to differences in rocks they cut, a process called differential erosion.
14
Question
What did Jean-Étienne Guettard argue about streams and mountains?
Page 1
Answer
That streams destroy mountains, sediment builds floodplains then carried to sea.
15
Question
What did Guettard point to regarding marine erosion?
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Answer
The efficacy of marine erosion, noting rapid destruction of chalk cliffs in northern France and Auvergne as extinct volcanoes.
16
Question
What did Horace-Bénédict de Saussure contend about valleys and glaciers?
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Answer
That valleys were produced by streams flowing within them, and glaciers may erode rocks.
17
Question
Who first used the term Geomorphology?
Page 1
Answer
Emmanuel de Margerie in 1886, as 'the genetic study of topographic forms'.
18
Question
What is Process Geomorphology?
Page 1
Answer
Investigates relationships between landforms and processes acting on them now.
19
Question
What are Exogenic Processes?
Page 1
Answer
Geological phenomena and processes that originate externally to the Earth's surface.
20
Question
What are Endogenic Processes?
Page 1
Answer
Those that occur or are created under the Earth's surface.
21
Question
What is Historical Geomorphology?
Page 1
Answer
The study of landforms and landscape evolution over time.
22
Question
What principle guides Historical Geomorphology?
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Answer
'The present is the key to the past'—using today's processes to infer past changes.
23
Question
Who expounded the Geographical Cycle?
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Answer
William Morris Davis.
24
Question
What did Davis assume in the Geographical Cycle?
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Answer
Uplift takes place quickly, then geomorphic processes wear down topography without further tectonics.
25
Question
How do slopes decline in Davis's model?
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Answer
Slopes within landscapes decline through time—maximum angles lessen.
26
Question
What stages does the Geographical Cycle progress through?
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Answer
Youth, maturity, and old age.
27
Question
Who else expounded the Geographical Cycle?
Page 1
Answer
Walther Penck.
28
Question
What did Penck assume about uplift and denudation?
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Answer
Uplift and denudation occur at the same time.
29
Question
What are Penck's three main slope forms?
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Answer
Aufsteigende Entwicklung (convex slope), gleichförmige Entwicklung (stationary), absteigende Entwicklung (waning).
30
Question
What is aufsteigende Entwicklung?
Page 1
Answer
Convex slope profile when uplift rate exceeds denudation rate.