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Organic Chemistry Essentials
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1
Question
What unique property of carbon allows it to form covalent bonds with other carbon atoms?
Page 1
Answer
Catenation
2
Question
Besides carbon, which elements does carbon form covalent bonds with?
Page 1
Answer
Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens
3
Question
What branch of chemistry studies compounds formed by carbon's covalent bonds?
Page 1
Answer
Organic chemistry
4
Question
What are some vital organic compounds for sustaining life on earth?
Page 1
Answer
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins
5
Question
In what materials do organic compounds appear besides biological ones?
Page 1
Answer
Clothing, fuels, polymers, dyes, and medicines
6
Question
How old is the science of organic chemistry?
Page 1
Answer
About two hundred years old
7
Question
Around what year did chemists begin distinguishing organic from inorganic compounds?
Page 1
Answer
1780
8
Question
Who proposed that a 'vital force' was responsible for organic compounds?
Page 1
Answer
Berzelius, a Swedish chemist
9
Question
In what year was the 'vital force' notion rejected?
Page 1
Answer
1828
10
Question
What organic compound did F. Wohler synthesize from an inorganic one?
Page 1
Answer
Urea
11
Question
What was the inorganic starting material in Wohler's synthesis of urea?
Page 1
Answer
Ammonium cyanate (NH₄CNO)
12
Question
Who synthesized acetic acid in 1845, proving organic synthesis from inorganic sources?
Page 1
Answer
Kolbe
13
Question
Who synthesized methane in 1856?
Page 1
Answer
Berthelot
14
Question
What ushered organic chemistry into its modern shape?
Page 2
Answer
The development of electronic theory of covalent bonding
15
Question
What explains the tetravalence of carbon?
Page 2
Answer
Electronic configuration and hybridisation of s and p orbitals
16
Question
How is the shape of methane (CH₄) explained?
Page 2
Answer
sp³ hybrid orbitals
17
Question
What hybridization explains the shape of ethene (C₂H₄)?
Page 2
Answer
sp² hybrid orbitals
18
Question
What hybridization is used by carbon in ethyne (C₂H₂)?
Page 2
Answer
sp hybrid orbitals
19
Question
How does hybridization influence bond length in carbon compounds?
Page 2
Answer
Higher s character leads to shorter bonds
20
Question
Why do sp hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds than sp³?
Page 2
Answer
sp has more s character (50%), closer to nucleus
21
Question
How does s character in hybrid orbitals affect bond enthalpy?
Page 2
Answer
Greater s character increases bond strength (enthalpy)
22
Question
What is the s character order for carbon hybrid orbitals?
Page 2
Answer
sp (50%) > sp² (33%) > sp³ (25%)
23
Question
How does hybridization affect the electronegativity of carbon?
Page 2
Answer
Greater s character increases electronegativity
24
Question
What is required for proper sideways overlap in π bond formation?
Page 2
Answer
Parallel orientation of two p orbitals on adjacent atoms
25
Question
In ethene (H₂C=CH₂), why must all atoms be in the same plane?
Page 2
Answer
For parallel p orbitals perpendicular to the molecular plane
26
Question
What restricts rotation about a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)?
Page 2
Answer
Interference with maximum overlap of p orbitals
27
Question
Where is the electron charge cloud of a π bond located?
Page 2
Answer
Above and below the plane of bonding atoms
28
Question
Why are π bonds the most reactive centers in molecules with multiple bonds?
Page 2
Answer
π electrons are easily available to attacking reagents
29
Question
In HC≡CCH=CHCH₃, how many σ C-C bonds are there?
Page 2
Answer
4
30
Question
In HC≡CCH=CHCH₃, how many σ C-H bonds?
Page 2
Answer
6