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World Englishes in the Caribbean and Beyond
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1
Question
How did London function culturally for the English-speaking world during Queen Victoria’s late reign?
Page 1
Answer
As the imperial cultural, political, and intellectual center influencing style and opinion worldwide.
2
Question
What emotional attitudes did settlers in colonies often feel toward ‘home’ (Britain)?
Page 1
Answer
A confused mix of bitterness, affection, cynicism, and longing.
3
Question
Why did American longshoremen reportedly cry “How is Little Nell?” when British ships visited New York?
Page 1
Answer
Because Dickens’s popularity and Britain’s cultural supremacy made London literature a shared reference.
4
Question
Which authors exemplified London's intellectual influence in the 19th century according to the text?
Page 1
Answer
Carlyle, Darwin, Disraeli, Bagehot, Trollope, Thackeray.
5
Question
What demographic change did London experience between the 1860s and 1901?
Page 2
Answer
Population growth from ~3 million to ~4.5 million.
6
Question
What observation did Karl Baedeker make about London's population mix?
Page 2
Answer
He noted London had more Scots than Aberdeen, more Irish than Dublin, and more Roman Catholics than Rome.
7
Question
How did Bernard Shaw satirize English world rule in The Man of Destiny?
Page 2
Answer
By claiming Englishmen do everything on principle, never accept being wrong, and act on patriotic, business, and imperial principles.
8
Question
By the late twentieth century, which group outnumbered native speakers of English?
Page 3
Answer
Non-native English speakers (Africans, Indians, Chinese, Malays).
9
Question
In how many countries was English an official language across four continents as described?
Page 3
Answer
Some thirty-four countries.
10
Question
Which term(s) are used for Indian English in the text?
Page 3
Answer
Indian English or Hinglish (Hindi English).
11
Question
What comparison did Dr. Robert Burchfield make regarding English’s global future?
Page 3
Answer
He compared English’s potential breakup to Latin’s fragmentation into Romance languages after Rome’s decline.
12
Question
What was Burchfield’s central thesis about English as a second language in colonies?
Page 3
Answer
That English, as a second language in many countries, may not survive political changes and could disintegrate into separate languages.
13
Question
What empirical evidence for separate evolutions of English do the authors mention?
Page 4
Answer
Distinct varieties in India, Singapore, Sierra Leone, and especially Caribbean English (creoles).
14
Question
Why are Caribbean creoles historically significant according to the text?
Page 4
Answer
They have a vigorous separate tradition rooted in the slave trade and are acquiring political voice with Third World nationalism.
15
Question
How does the text define Jamaica’s linguistic status in the Caribbean?
Page 4
Answer
Jamaica uses English as a first and national language but also has a robust Jamaican creole or ‘nation-language.’
16
Question
What term did Edward Kamau Brathwaite prefer over ‘dialect’ for Caribbean speech, and why?
Page 5
Answer
'Nation-language,' because 'dialect' is pejorative while 'nation-language' signals authenticity and cultural expression.
17
Question
What three regions cluster most English-based pidgins and creoles according to the map commentary?
Page 5
Answer
The Caribbean, West Africa, and the West Pacific.
18
Question
Which researcher’s 1953 work is cited as pioneering study of Jamaican speech?
Page 5
Answer
Frederic G. Cassidy — Jamaica Talk (1953).
19
Question
What alternative labels do scholars and locals use for Jamaican Creole?
Page 5
Answer
'Jamaican creole,' 'patois,' 'the dialect,' or 'the Jamaican language.'
20
Question
Describe the two basic levels of language a visitor to Jamaica would encounter.
Page 6
Answer
(1) Standard English in formal media and speech; (2) Jamaican English/creole in the speech continuum used on the streets and at home.
21
Question
What characteristic made spoken Standard English in Jamaican newspapers comprehensible to visitors?
Page 6
Answer
It was mildly influenced by Jamaican English but largely understandable with occasional local words or constructions.
22
Question
Provide an example meaning shift of the word 'form' in Jamaican English.
Page 6
Answer
In Jamaican English 'form' can mean 'to pretend to be' or 'to feign.'
23
Question
What is a language continuum as defined in the text?
Page 6
Answer
A situation where two or more languages in the same region merge without a clear boundary.
24
Question
How did dub poetry arise and what traditions did it combine?
Page 6
Answer
From early 1970s Jamaican poets combining spoken/chanted word with reggae, folk culture, and political content.
25
Question
Name four early dub poets mentioned.
Page 6
Answer
Linton Kwesi Johnson, Oku Onuora, Mutabaruka, Michael (Mikey) Smith.
26
Question
How did Linton Kwesi Johnson describe dub poetry’s composition relative to music?
Page 7
Answer
He said his poetry is composed before the music, prioritizing verse over musical dub, and finds 'dub poetry' misleading for his work.
27
Question
Who is Louise Bennett and why is she significant to Jamaican language and dub poetry?
Page 7
Answer
A poet ('Miss Lou'), grandmother of dub poets, who wrote in Jamaican nation-language and popularized oral performance traditions.
28
Question
What sources influenced Louise Bennett’s rhythms and style?
Page 7
Answer
The Bible’s spoken rhythms, Sankey and Moody hymnals, and Jamaican folk songs.
29
Question
Why was a glossary included when Bennett’s poems were first published?
Page 9
Answer
To translate local vocabulary unfamiliar to readers (e.g., bockle, duppy, ninyam).
30
Question
How did Louise Bennett perform her poetry to maximize its effect?
Page 8
Answer
By using full oral performance, manipulating language nuances, and playing on meanings like a music-hall comedian.