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States of Matter and Gas Laws
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1
Question
What are the characteristics of solids in terms of shape, volume, flow, and compressibility?
Page 1
Answer
Definite shape and volume; cannot flow and are not compressible
2
Question
What defines liquids regarding shape, volume, flow, and compressibility?
Page 1
Answer
No definite shape but definite volume; can flow to take container shape but not compressible
3
Question
How do gases differ from solids and liquids in shape, volume, flow, and compressibility?
Page 1
Answer
No definite shape or fixed volume; can flow to take container shape and are highly compressible
4
Question
What remains constant when a substance changes state?
Page 1
Answer
Number of molecules and mass; only energy changes
5
Question
Are changes of state physical or chemical, and are they reversible?
Page 1
Answer
Physical changes that are reversible
6
Question
What is melting, and give an example?
Page 1
Answer
Solid turns into liquid, e.g., ice to water
7
Question
What is freezing?
Page 1
Answer
Liquid turns into solid
8
Question
What is boiling, and what is another name for it?
Page 2
Answer
Liquid turns into gas; also called evaporating
9
Question
What is condensing?
Page 2
Answer
Gas turns into liquid
10
Question
In a solid, how are molecules arranged and what is their motion?
Page 2
Answer
Very close together in regular pattern; vibrate about fixed positions
11
Question
Describe molecular arrangement and motion in a liquid.
Page 2
Answer
Close together but no regular pattern; can slide past each other
12
Question
How are gas molecules arranged and what is their motion?
Page 2
Answer
Widely separated (10 times further apart); move randomly at high speeds
13
Question
How do forces between particles affect the state of matter?
Page 3
Answer
Magnitude of forces affects distances and motion, influencing shape change, volume change, and flow
14
Question
What particles make up matter?
Page 3
Answer
Atoms, molecules, ions, and electrons
15
Question
Why do solids have rigid shape and fixed volume?
Page 3
Answer
Strong intermolecular forces hold molecules in fixed positions with vibrations only
16
Question
How do molecules in liquids behave regarding energy and motion?
Page 3
Answer
Enough energy to overcome forces; slide past each other while staying close
17
Question
What allows gases to be compressed and expand easily?
Page 3
Answer
Molecules have overcome forces, move randomly at high speeds with large spaces between
18
Question
How does temperature affect the pressure a gas exerts on its container?
Page 3
Answer
Higher temperature increases kinetic energy, leading to higher pressure; lower decreases it
19
Question
What is absolute zero, and what happens to particles there?
Page 3
Answer
-273 °C where particles have zero kinetic energy and exert no pressure
20
Question
Who recognized absolute zero, and in what year?
Page 3
Answer
Lord Kelvin in 1848
21
Question
What causes pressure in a gas?
Page 4
Answer
Collisions of molecules with container walls
22
Question
How does random motion of gas molecules lead to pressure?
Page 4
Answer
Molecules collide with walls, producing net force perpendicular to the surface
23
Question
What indicates high pressure in a gas?
Page 4
Answer
More frequent collisions with greater force on container walls
24
Question
What is the formula for pressure?
Page 4
Answer
Pressure = Force / Area
25
Question
What is Brownian motion?
Page 5
Answer
Random motion of microscopic particles due to collisions with atoms/molecules
26
Question
Who first described Brownian motion, and what did he observe?
Page 5
Answer
Robert Brown observed random motion of pollen grains in water
27
Question
Why can't we see atoms and molecules in Brownian motion observations?
Page 5
Answer
They are too small; we infer from motion of larger visible particles like pollen or smoke
28
Question
What is the significance of Brownian motion in science?
Page 5
Answer
Provides evidence for kinetic theory; shows matter is made of moving particles
29
Question
What is absolute zero on the Kelvin scale?
Page 5
Answer
0 K, equal to -273 °C; lowest possible temperature
30
Question
How does a 1 K increase compare to 1 °C?
Page 5
Answer
Same change in temperature