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Human Microbiome and Indigenous Flora
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1
Question
What varies the composition of normal flora in different body sites?
Page 7
Answer
Type of tissue, condition, pH, moisture, and type of microbes present
2
Question
Under what conditions can normal flora cause disease?
Page 7
Answer
If it reaches an abnormal location or if epithelial defense is impaired
3
Question
Why is it important to study the human microbiome?
Page 7
Answer
To understand microbe-human interactions, health benefits, and disease prevention
4
Question
What is an exogenous infection?
Page 8
Answer
Infection acquired from an outside or external source
5
Question
What are examples of sources for exogenous infections?
Page 8
Answer
Contact with animals, infected people, insect bites, food, water, soil
6
Question
What is an example of an exogenous infection from contaminated water?
Page 8
Answer
Cholera
7
Question
What is an endogenous infection?
Page 8
Answer
Infection acquired from the host's own microbiome
8
Question
How do endogenous infections occur?
Page 8
Answer
Normal flora enters bloodstream, organs, or tissues, or microflora gets out of control
9
Question
What is an example of an endogenous infection from Candida albicans?
Page 8
Answer
Thrush
10
Question
What factors influence the oral microbiome in children?
Page 9
Answer
Development of milk teeth to permanent teeth
11
Question
How does diet affect the microbiome?
Page 9
Answer
Transition from milk to solids, or meat-eating versus vegetarian
12
Question
What external factors influence the microbiome?
Page 9
Answer
Pets, insects, hot/humid vs dry climates
13
Question
How do medical conditions and medications affect the microbiome?
Page 9
Answer
Conditions like diabetes and medications like antibiotics
14
Question
What genetic factors can influence the microbiome?
Page 9
Answer
Host genetics
15
Question
What is one benefit of normal flora in producing antimicrobials?
Page 10
Answer
Controls growth of pathogenic bacteria
16
Question
How does normal flora prevent pathogen colonization?
Page 10
Answer
By occupying receptor sites that pathogens could use
17
Question
What role does normal flora play in digestion?
Page 10
Answer
Digestion of nutrients
18
Question
Which vitamins does normal flora produce?
Page 10
Answer
Vitamin K and B vitamins
19
Question
How does normal flora affect the immune system?
Page 10
Answer
Modulation of the immune system
20
Question
What is nutrient blocking in the gut microbiome?
Page 11
Answer
Diverse gut bacteria consume nutrients needed by pathogens, blocking invasion
21
Question
What benefits do humans derive from E. coli in the microbiome?
Page 11
Answer
Production of vitamins K and B12
22
Question
What is microbial antagonism?
Page 11
Answer
Microbes versus microbes, where indigenous flora prevents other microbes from establishing
23
Question
What are examples of microbial antagonism products?
Page 11
Answer
Antibiotics and bacteriocins like colicin produced by E. coli
24
Question
What are examples of sterile sites in the body?
Page 12
Answer
Internal organs like heart, liver, brain
25
Question
What internal tissues are typically sterile?
Page 12
Answer
Muscles, glands, bone
26
Question
Which body fluids are sterile?
Page 12
Answer
Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, semen (before urethra), urine in kidneys and bladder
27
Question
What are opportunistic pathogens?
Page 14
Answer
Pathogens that become harmful if the host is immunocompromised
28
Question
How can surface breaches lead to opportunistic infections?
Page 14
Answer
Allow bacterial entry into sterile sites
29
Question
What is an example of an opportunistic infection from subcutaneous injection?
Page 14
Answer
Necrotizing streptococcal infection
30
Question
What causes oral thrush in immunocompromised individuals?
Page 14
Answer
Candida albicans