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Social and Personality Psychology Essentials
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1
Question
What is the primary focus of personality psychology?
Page 4
Answer
Individual differences in behavior and consistency across situations
2
Question
How does social psychology define its study?
Page 4
Answer
The scientific study of feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of individuals in social situations
3
Question
What emphasizes the power of the situation in social psychology?
Page 4
Answer
The impact of social contexts on individual feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
4
Question
What overlap exists between social and personality psychology?
Page 4
Answer
Large integration in key journals like Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
5
Question
In the comparison of social and personality psychology, what is a key similarity?
Page 4
Answer
Both study human behavior but from different angles: individual traits vs. situational influences
6
Question
What common pitfall in judgment does social research address?
Page 5
Answer
Confirmation bias and belief perseverance
7
Question
According to Nisbett & Wilson (1977), what limits our insight into behavior?
Page 5
Answer
Limited insight into reasons for our own and others' behavior
8
Question
What classic experiments illustrate limited insight into behavior?
Page 5
Answer
Milgram’s obedience experiments and Festinger & Carlsmith's dissonance study
9
Question
What is confirmation bias in the context of social judgment errors?
Page 5
Answer
Tendency to seek information supporting existing beliefs
10
Question
How do heuristics contribute to errors in social judgments?
Page 5
Answer
Over-reliance on mental shortcuts like stereotyping
11
Question
In Festinger & Carlsmith (1959), what was the task participants performed?
Page 7
Answer
Two 30-minute boring tasks
12
Question
What was the dependent variable in the Festinger & Carlsmith dissonance study?
Page 7
Answer
How fun and enjoyable participants found the tasks
13
Question
What were the independent variables in Festinger & Carlsmith (1959)?
Page 7
Answer
No pay/no lie (control), $1 for lying (insufficient justification), $20 for lying (sufficient justification)
14
Question
In Festinger & Carlsmith (1959), what lie did participants tell?
Page 7
Answer
That the tasks were extremely enjoyable
15
Question
What concept does the Festinger & Carlsmith study exemplify?
Page 7
Answer
Insufficient justification and cognitive dissonance
16
Question
According to the Festinger & Carlsmith results, which group rated tasks most favorably?
Page 8
Answer
$1 for lying group
17
Question
What does the graph in Festinger & Carlsmith show about favorability ratings?
Page 8
Answer
$1 lying group highest, $20 lying group lower, control lowest
18
Question
Why is learning social and personality research important despite common sense?
Page 9
Answer
Intuitions often inadequate for explaining social phenomena due to biases
19
Question
How does psychological research differ from fields like social work?
Page 9
Answer
Includes understanding and evaluating research articles to help clients
20
Question
What benefits come from learning research methods in psychology?
Page 9
Answer
Avoid misleading intuitions, design good studies, critically evaluate methods
21
Question
What is replication in scientific research?
Page 10
Answer
Reproducing original research results using the same procedures
22
Question
Why is successful replication a strength of science?
Page 10
Answer
Weeds out non-genuine findings through self-correction
23
Question
What is a Type I error in replication context?
Page 11
Answer
False positive: original findings as a fluke
24
Question
What is a Type II error in replication attempts?
Page 11
Answer
Failure to detect a genuine effect due to chance
25
Question
What example of researcher misconduct is given in replication discussions?
Page 11
Answer
Stapel's fabrication of entire data sets
26
Question
What is conceptual replication?
Page 11
Answer
Replication attempt that doesn't duplicate original methods exactly
27
Question
What was the key finding of the 2015 Science paper on replication?
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Answer
Only 36-47% of 100 psychology studies from 2008 replicated
28
Question
In the Nosek et al. (2015) replication project, what methods were used?
Page 12
Answer
Direct replications with same materials and greater statistical power
29
Question
How did social psychology fare in the replication crisis study?
Page 12
Answer
At the lower end of replication success rates
30
Question
What negative consequence of the replication crisis is highlighted?
Page 13
Answer
Decline in public trust in science